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  11 self-defense in 40 minutes with GnuPG." />
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  23 <h1>Email Self-Defense</h1>
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  78 <p>We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as
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  83 the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.</strong></p>
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 100 Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech
 101 risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill: email
 102 encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive emails
 103 that are scrambled to make sure a surveillance agent or thief intercepting
 104 your email can't read them. All you need is a computer with an Internet
 105 connection, an email account, and about forty minutes.</p>
 106
 107 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy
 108 of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance
 109 systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company;
 110 these are the same tools that whistleblowers use to protect their identities
 111 while shining light on human rights abuses, corruption and other crimes.</p>
 112
 113 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up
 114 to surveillance requires fighting politically for a <a
 115 href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction
 116 in the amount of data collected on us</a>, but the essential first step is
 117 to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult
 118 as possible. This guide helps you do that. It is designed for beginners, but
 119 if you already know the basics of GnuPG or are an experienced free software
 120 user, you'll enjoy the advanced tips and the <a href="workshops.html">guide
 121 to teaching your friends</a>.</p>
 122
 123 </div><!-- End .intro -->
 124 </div></header><!-- End #header -->
 125
 126 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 127 <section class="row" id="section1"><div>
 128
 129 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 130 <div class="section-intro">
 131
 132 <h2><em>#1</em> Get the pieces</h2>
 133
 134 <p class="notes">This guide relies on software which is <a
 135 href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">freely licensed</a>; it's
 136 completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their own version. This
 137 makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary software (like Windows or Mac
 138 OS). To defend your freedom as well as protect yourself from surveillance, we
 139 recommend you switch to a free software operating system like GNU/Linux. Learn
 140 more about free software at <a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org</a>.</p>
 141
 142 <p>To get started, you'll need the IceDove desktop email program installed
 143 on your computer. For your system, IceDove may be known by the alternate name
 144 "Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to access the same email accounts
 145 you can access in a browser (like Gmail), but provide extra features.</p>
 146
 147 <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to <a
 148 href="#step-1b">Step 1.b</a>.</p>
 149
 150 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 151
 152 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 153 <div id="step-1a" class="step">
 154 <div class="sidebar">
 155
 156 <p><img
 157 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png"
 158 alt="Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
 159
 160 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 161 <div class="main">
 162
 163 <h3><em>Step 1.a</em> Set up your email program with your email account</h3>
 164
 165 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough)
 166 that sets it up with your email account.</p>
 167
 168 <p>Look for the letters SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS to the right of the servers
 169 when you're setting up your account. If you don't see them, you will still
 170 be able to use encryption, but this means that the people running your email
 171 system are running behind the industry standard in protecting your security
 172 and privacy. We recommend that you send them a friendly email asking them
 173 to enable SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS for your email server. They will know what
 174 you're talking about, so it's worth making the request even if you aren't
 175 an expert on these security systems.</p>
 176
 177 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 178 <div class="troubleshooting">
 179
 180 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 181
 182 <dl>
 183 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch</dt>
 184 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is
 185 named differently in each email program. The button to launch it will be in
 186 the program's main menu, under "New" or something similar, titled something
 187 like "Add account" or "New/Existing email account."</dd>
 188
 189 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail</dt>
 190 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people
 191 who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.</dd>
 192
 193 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 194 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 195 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 196 page</a>.</dd>
 197 </dl>
 198
 199 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 200 </div><!-- End .main -->
 201 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
 202
 203 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 204 <div id="step-1b" class="step">
 205 <div class="main">
 206
 207 <h3><em>Step 1.b</em> Get GnuPG by downloading GPGTools</h3>
 208
 209 <p>GPGTools is a software package that includes GnuPG. <a
 210 href="https://gpgtools.org/#gpgsuite">Download</a> and install it, choosing
 211 default options whenever asked. After it's installed, you can close any
 212 windows that it creates.</p>
 213
 214 <p>There are major security flaws in versions of GnuPG provided by GPGTools
 215 prior to 2018.3. Make sure you have GPGTools 2018.3 or later.</p>
 216
 217 </div><!-- End .main -->
 218 </div><!-- End #step1-b .step -->
 219
 220 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 221 <div id="step-1c" class="step">
 222 <div class="sidebar">
 223 <ul class="images">
 224 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png"
 225 alt="Step 1.C: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
 226 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png"
 227 alt="Step 1.C: Search Add-ons" /></li>
 228 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png"
 229 alt="Step 1.C: Install Add-ons" /></li>
 230 </ul>
 231
 232 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 233 <div class="main">
 234
 235 <h3><em>Step 1.c</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program</h3>
 236
 237 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools
 238 section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail?
 239 Make sure it's the latest version. If so, skip this step.</p>
 240
 241 <p>If not, search "Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You
 242 can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.</p>
 243
 244 <p>There are major security flaws in Enigmail prior to version 2.0.7. Make
 245 sure you have Enigmail 2.0.7 or later.</p>
 246
 247 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 248 <div class="troubleshooting">
 249
 250 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 251
 252 <dl>
 253 <dt>I can't find the menu.</dt>
 254 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of
 255 three stacked horizontal bars.</dd>
 256
 257 <dt>My email looks weird</dt>
 258 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
 259 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
 260 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
 261 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
 262 wasn't there.</dd>
 263
 264 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 265 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 266 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 267 page</a>.</dd>
 268 </dl>
 269
 270 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 271 </div><!-- End .main -->
 272 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
 273 </div></section><!-- End #section1 -->
 274
 275 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 276 <section class="row" id="section2"><div>
 277
 278 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 279 <div class="section-intro">
 280
 281 <h2><em>#2</em> Make your keys</h2>
 282
 283 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known
 284 together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers
 285 and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked
 286 together by a special mathematical function.</p>
 287
 288 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open
 289 in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it,
 290 along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the
 291 keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can
 292 look up your public key.</p>
 293
 294 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to
 295 yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to
 296 descramble encrypted emails other people send to you. <span style="font-weight:
 297 bold;">You should never share your private key with anyone, under any
 298 circumstances.</span></p>
 299
 300 <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to
 301 sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll
 302 discuss this more in the next section.</p>
 303
 304 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 305
 306 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 307 <div id="step-2a" class="step">
 308 <div class="sidebar">
 309
 310 <p><img
 311 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png"
 312 alt="Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
 313
 314 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 315 <div class="main">
 316
 317 <h3><em>Step 2.a</em> Make a keypair</h3>
 318
 319 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select
 320 Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need
 321 to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's
 322 good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with
 323 the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed
 324 in the order they appear:</p>
 325
 326 <ul>
 327 <li>On the screen titled "Encryption," select "Encrypt all of my messages
 328 by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
 329
 330 <li>On the screen titled "Signing," select "Don't sign my messages by
 331 default."</li>
 332
 333 <li>On the screen titled "Key Selection," select "I want to create a new
 334 key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
 335
 336 <li>On the screen titled "Create Key," pick a strong password! You can
 337 do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually
 338 is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires
 339 dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers to figure
 340 out. To use it, read the section "Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in <a
 341 href="https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">
 342 this article</a> by Micah Lee.</li>
 343 </ul>
 344
 345 <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something
 346 you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes
 347 at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or
 348 punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use
 349 any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names,
 350 song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.</p>
 351
 352 <p class="notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next
 353 step, the "Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your
 354 computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the
 355 computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.</p>
 356
 357 <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">When the "Key Generation Completed" screen
 358 pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on
 359 your computer (we recommend making a folder called "Revocation Certificate"
 360 in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your
 361 email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in <a href="#section5">Section
 362 5</a>.</span></p>
 363
 364 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 365 <div class="troubleshooting">
 366
 367 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 368
 369 <dl>
 370 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.</dt>
 371 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image
 372 of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called
 373 Tools.</dd>
 374
 375 <dt>More resources</dt>
 376 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
 377 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 378 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">
 379 Enigmail's wiki instructions for key generation</a>.</dd>
 380
 381 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 382 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 383 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 384 page</a>.</dd>
 385 </dl>
 386
 387 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 388
 389 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 390 <div class="troubleshooting">
 391
 392 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 393
 394 <dl>
 395 <dt>Command line key generation</dt>
 396 <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher
 397 degree of control, you can follow the documentation from <a
 398 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy
 399 Handbook</a>. Make sure you stick with "RSA and RSA" (the default),
 400 because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation
 401 recommends. Also make sure your key is at least 2048 bits, or 4096 if you
 402 want to be extra secure.</dd>
 403
 404 <dt>Advanced key pairs</dt>
 405 <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes
 406 the encryption function from the signing function through <a
 407 href="https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys</a>. If you use
 408 subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more
 409 secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly. <a
 410 href="https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal</a>
 411 and <a href="http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki</a>
 412 provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.</dd>
 413 </dl>
 414
 415 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 416 </div><!-- End .main -->
 417 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step -->
 418
 419 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 420 <div id="step-2b" class="step">
 421 <div class="main">
 422
 423 <h3><em>Step 2.b</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver</h3>
 424
 425 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 426
 427 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. You
 428 don't have to use the default keyserver. If, after research, you would like
 429 to change to a different default keyserver, you can change that setting
 430 manually in the Enigmail preferences.</p>
 431
 432 <p class="notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can
 433 download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers
 434 that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies
 435 of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes
 436 takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.</p>
 437
 438 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 439 <div class="troubleshooting">
 440
 441 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 442
 443 <dl>
 444 <dt>The progress bar never finishes</dt>
 445 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet,
 446 and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different
 447 keyserver.</dd>
 448
 449 <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list</dt>
 450 <dd>Try checking "Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
 451
 452 <dt>More documentation</dt>
 453 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
 454 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 455 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Key_Management#Distributing_your_public_key">
 456 Enigmail's documentation</a>.</dd>
 457
 458 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 459 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 460 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 461 page</a>.</dd>
 462 </dl>
 463
 464 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 465
 466 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 467 <div class="troubleshooting">
 468
 469 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 470
 471 <dl>
 472 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line</dt>
 473 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the <a
 474 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line</a>. <a
 475 href="https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site</a>
 476 maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also <a
 477 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export
 478 your key</a> as a file on your computer.</dd>
 479 </dl>
 480
 481 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 482 </div><!-- End .main -->
 483 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step -->
 484
 485 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 486 <div id="terminology" class="step">
 487 <div class="main">
 488
 489 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?</h3>
 490
 491 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP
 492 are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the
 493 encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG)
 494 is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program
 495 for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.</p>
 496
 497 </div><!-- End .main -->
 498 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
 499 </div></section><!-- End #section2 -->
 500
 501 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 502 <section class="row" id="section3"><div>
 503
 504 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 505 <div class="section-intro">
 506
 507 <h2><em>#3</em> Try it out!</h2>
 508
 509 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward,
 510 who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same
 511 steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.</p>
 512
 513 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he
 514 may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about
 515 this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without
 516 testing with Edward.</p> -->
 517 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 518
 519 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 520 <div id="step-3a" class="step">
 521 <div class="sidebar">
 522
 523 <p><img
 524 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png"
 525 alt="Try it out." /></p>
 526
 527 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 528 <div class="main">
 529
 530 <h3><em>Step 3.a</em> Send Edward your public key</h3>
 531
 532 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding
 533 with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key
 534 Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click
 535 on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new
 536 draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.</p>
 537
 538 <p>Address the message to <a
 539 href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Put at least one word
 540 (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.</p>
 541
 542 <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
 543 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
 544 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
 545 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
 546 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.</p>
 547
 548 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 549 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 550 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded,
 551 head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as
 552 when corresponding with a real person.</p>
 553
 554 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password
 555 before using your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 556
 557 </div><!-- End .main -->
 558 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
 559
 560 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 561 <div id="step-3b" class="step">
 562 <div class="main">
 563
 564 <h3><em>Step 3.b</em> Send a test encrypted email</h3>
 565
 566 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to <a
 567 href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Make the subject
 568 "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.</p>
 569
 570 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning
 571 encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.</p>
 572
 573 <p class="notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll
 574 get to this in a moment.</p>
 575
 576 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says "Recipients not valid,
 577 not trusted or not found."</p>
 578
 579 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have
 580 Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use
 581 the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds
 582 keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select
 583 ok in the next pop-up.</p>
 584
 585 <p>Now you are back at the "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found"
 586 screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.</p>
 587
 588 <p class="notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key,
 589 Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with
 590 his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.</p>
 591
 592 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 593 <div class="troubleshooting">
 594
 595 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 596
 597 <dl>
 598 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key</dt>
 599 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure
 600 you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat
 601 the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.</dd>
 602
 603 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder</dt>
 604 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key,
 605 your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key,
 606 which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This
 607 is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.</dd>
 608
 609 <dt>More resources</dt>
 610 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our
 611 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 612 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">
 613 Enigmail's wiki</a>.</dd>
 614
 615 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 616 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 617 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 618 page</a>.</dd>
 619 </dl>
 620
 621 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 622
 623 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 624 <div class="troubleshooting">
 625
 626 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 627
 628 <dl>
 629 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line</dt>
 630 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the <a
 631 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line</a>,
 632 if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output
 633 appear in the regular character set.</dd>
 634 </dl>
 635
 636 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 637 </div><!-- End .main -->
 638 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
 639
 640 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 641 <div id="step-headers_unencrypted" class="step">
 642 <div class="main">
 643
 644 <h3><em>Important:</em> Security tips</h3>
 645
 646 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so
 647 don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses
 648 aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who
 649 you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're
 650 using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you
 651 send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not,
 652 independent of the actual email.</p>
 653
 654 <p>For greater security against potential attacks, you can turn off
 655 HTML. Instead, you can render the message body as plain text.</p>
 656
 657 </div><!-- End .main -->
 658 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
 659
 660 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 661 <div id="step-3c" class="step">
 662 <div class="main">
 663
 664 <h3><em>Step 3.c</em> Receive a response</h3>
 665
 666 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt
 667 it, then reply to you. </p>
 668
 669 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 670 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 671 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 672
 673 </div><!-- End .main -->
 674 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
 675
 676 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 677 <div id="step-3d" class="step">
 678 <div class="main">
 679
 680 <h3><em>Step 3.d</em> Send a test signed email</h3>
 681
 682 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that
 683 they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These
 684 signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible
 685 to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key
 686 (another reason to keep your private key safe).</p>
 687
 688 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people
 689 aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If
 690 they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your
 691 signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your
 692 signature is authentic.</p>
 693
 694 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the
 695 pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a
 696 message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message,
 697 because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.</p>
 698
 699 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will
 700 be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.</p>
 701
 702 </div>
 703 </div>
 704
 705 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 706 <div id="step-3e" class="step">
 707 <div class="main">
 708
 709 <h3><em>Step 3.e</em> Receive a response</h3>
 710
 711 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which
 712 you sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step 3.A</a>) to verify the message
 713 you sent has not been tampered with and to encrypt his reply to you.</p>
 714
 715 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 716 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 717 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 718
 719 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption
 720 whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say
 721 "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted,
 722 he will mention that first.</p>
 723
 724 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will
 725 automatically detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and
 726 then it will use your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 727
 728 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with
 729 information about the status of Edward's key.</p>
 730
 731 </div><!-- End .main -->
 732 </div><!-- End #step-3e .step -->
 733 </div></section>
 734
 735 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 736 <section class="row" id="section4"><div>
 737
 738 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 739 <div class="section-intro">
 740
 741 <h2><em>#4</em> Learn the Web of Trust</h2>
 742
 743 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness;
 744 it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually
 745 theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making
 746 an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and
 747 impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that
 748 developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.</p>
 749
 750 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified
 751 that it belongs to them and not someone else.</p>
 752
 753 <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical
 754 operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice
 755 to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you
 756 may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.</p>
 757
 758 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've
 759 used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You
 760 can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from
 761 people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users,
 762 connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.</p>
 763
 764 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 765
 766 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 767 <div id="step-4a" class="step">
 768 <div class="sidebar">
 769
 770 <p><img
 771 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png"
 772 alt="Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
 773
 774 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 775 <div class="main">
 776
 777 <h3><em>Step 4.a</em> Sign a key</h3>
 778
 779 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 780
 781 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context
 782 menu.</p>
 783
 784 <p>In the window that pops up, select "I will not answer" and click ok.</p>
 785
 786 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver &rarr;
 787 Upload Public Keys and hit ok.</p>
 788
 789 <p class="notes">You've just effectively said "I trust that Edward's public
 790 key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't
 791 a real person, but it's good practice.</p>
 792
 793 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
 794
 795 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi"
 796 method="get">
 797
 798 <p><strong>From:</strong><input type="text" value="xD41A008"
 799 name="FROM"></p>
 800
 801 <p><strong>To:</strong><input type="text" value="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
 802
 803 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"><input
 804 type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
 805
 806 </form>
 807
 808 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
 809 </div><!-- End .main -->
 810 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
 811
 812 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 813 <div id="step-identify_keys" class="step">
 814 <div class="main">
 815
 816 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs</h3>
 817
 818 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint,
 819 which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8
 820 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and
 821 other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail &rarr; Key
 822 Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key
 823 and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint
 824 wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that
 825 they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.</p>
 826
 827 <p class="notes">You may also see public keys referred to by a shorter
 828 key ID. This key ID is visible directly from the Key Management
 829 window. These eight character key IDs were previously used for
 830 identification, which used to be safe, but is no longer reliable. You
 831 need to check the full fingerprint as part of verifying you have the
 832 correct key for the person you are trying to contact. Spoofing, in
 833 which someone intentionally generates a key with a fingerprint whose
 834 final eight characters are the same as another, is unfortunately
 835 common.</p>
 836
 837 </div><!-- End .main -->
 838 </div><!-- End #step-identify_keys .step-->
 839
 840 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 841 <div id="check-ids-before-signing" class="step">
 842 <div class="main">
 843
 844 <h3><em>Important:</em> What to consider when signing keys</h3>
 845
 846 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually
 847 belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this
 848 confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over
 849 time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing
 850 a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter
 851 key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just
 852 met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make
 853 sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail,
 854 answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks "How carefully have you
 855 verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s)
 856 named above?"</p>
 857
 858 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 859 <div class="troubleshooting">
 860
 861 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 862
 863 <dl>
 864 <dt>Master the Web of Trust</dt>
 865 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way <a
 866 href="http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people
 867 think</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply <a
 868 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand</a> the Web of
 869 Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.</dd>
 870
 871 <dt>Set ownertrust</dt>
 872 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign
 873 them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right
 874 click on the other person's key, go to the "Select Owner Trust" menu option,
 875 select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a
 876 deep understanding of the Web of Trust.</dd>
 877 </dl>
 878
 879 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 880 </div><!-- End .main -->
 881 </div><!-- End #check-ids-before-signing .step-->
 882 </div></section><!-- End #section4 -->
 883
 884 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 885 <section id="section5" class="row"><div>
 886
 887 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 888 <div class="section-intro">
 889
 890 <h2><em>#5</em> Use it well</h2>
 891
 892 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow
 893 some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you
 894 risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own,
 895 and damage the Web of Trust.</p>
 896
 897 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 898
 899 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 900 <div id="step-5a" class="step">
 901 <div class="sidebar">
 902
 903 <p><img
 904 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png"
 905 alt="Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
 906
 907 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 908 <div class="main">
 909
 910 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?</h3>
 911
 912 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt
 913 emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for
 914 surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people
 915 doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only
 916 encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it
 917 makes bulk surveillance more difficult.</p>
 918
 919 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other
 920 protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or
 921 not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify
 922 that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind
 923 everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you
 924 often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's
 925 nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature
 926 (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).</p>
 927
 928 </div><!-- End .main -->
 929 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
 930
 931 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 932 <div id="step-5b" class="step">
 933 <div class="sidebar">
 934
 935 <p><img
 936 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png"
 937 alt="Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
 938
 939 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 940 <div class="main">
 941
 942 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys</h3>
 943
 944 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid
 945 keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with
 946 invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.</p>
 947
 948 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward
 949 sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a
 950 message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says "Enigmail: Part of
 951 this message encrypted."</p>
 952
 953 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program
 954 will warn you there if you get an email signed with a key that can't
 955 be trusted.</b></p>
 956
 957 </div><!-- End .main -->
 958 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
 959
 960 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 961 <div id="step-5c" class="step">
 962 <div class="main">
 963
 964 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe</h3>
 965
 966 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate
 967 that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital
 968 storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard
 969 drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with
 970 you regularly.</p>
 971
 972 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate
 973 file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.</p>
 974
 975 </div><!-- End .main -->
 976 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
 977
 978 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 979 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 980 <div class="main">
 981
 982 <h3><em>Important:</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key</h3>
 983
 984 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold
 985 of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's
 986 important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses
 987 it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This
 988 guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these <a
 989 href="https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions</a>.
 990 After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone
 991 with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy
 992 of your new key.</p>
 993
 994 </div><!-- End .main -->
 995 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 996
 997 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 998 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
 999 <div class="main">
1000
1001 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
1002
1003 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a
1004 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Key_Management">key management
1005 window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read
1006 your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export
1007 your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a
1008 href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a>
1009 the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
1010
1011 </div>--><!-- End .main
1012 </div> End #transfer-key .step-->
1013
1014 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1015 <div id="webmail-and-GnuPG" class="step">
1016 <div class="main">
1017
1018 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG</h3>
1019
1020 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail,
1021 an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop
1022 email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt
1023 encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you
1024 primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive
1025 a scrambled email.</p>
1026
1027 </div><!-- End .main -->
1028 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
1029
1030 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~
1031 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
1032 <div class="main">
1033
1034 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
1035
1036 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then
1037 compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just
1038 set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide
1039 and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a
1040 href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
1041
1042 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone
1043 would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website,
1044 or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our
1045 <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our
1046 culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an
1047 email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
1048
1049 </div>--><!-- End .main
1050 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
1051 </div></section><!-- End #section5 -->
1052
1053 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1054 <section class="row" id="section6">
1055 <div id="step-click_here" class="step">
1056 <div class="main">
1057
1058 <h2><a href="next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.</a></h2>
1059
1060 </div><!-- End .main -->
1061 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
1062 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
1063
1064 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1065 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
1066 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
1067 <section class="row" id="faq"><div>
1068 <div class="sidebar">
1069
1070 <h2>FAQ</h2>
1071
1072 </div>
1073 <div class="main">
1074
1075 <dl>
1076 <dt>My key expired</dt>
1077 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1078
1079 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
1080 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1081
1082 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my
1083 default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
1084 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1085 </dl>
1086
1087 </div>
1088 </div>
1089 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
1090
1091 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1092 <footer class="row" id="footer"><div>
1093 <div id="copyright">
1094
1095 <h4><a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
1096 alt="Free Software Foundation"
1097 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
1098
1099 <p>Copyright &copy; 2014-2016 <a
1100 href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc. <a
1101 href="https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy</a>. Please
1102 support our work by <a href="https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate
1103 member.</a></p>
1104
1105 <p>The images on this page are under a <a
1106 href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
1107 Attribution 4.0 license (or later version)</a>, and the rest of it is under
1108 a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons
1109 Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license (or later version)</a>. Download the <a
1110 href="http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">
1111 source code of Edward reply bot</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht
1112 &lt;andrew@engelbrecht.io&gt; and Josh Drake &lt;zamnedix@gnu.org&gt;,
1113 available under the GNU Affero General Public License. <a
1114 href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these
1115 licenses?</a></p>
1116
1117 <p>Fonts used in the guide &amp; infographic: <a
1118 href="https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis</a> by Pablo
1119 Impallari, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika</a>
1120 by Anna Giedry&#347;, <a
1121 href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo
1122 Narrow</a> by Omnibus-Type, <a
1123 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-2000</a>
1124 by Florian Cramer.</p>
1125
1126 <p>Download the <a href="emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package</a>
1127 for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's
1128 messages.</p>
1129
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1134
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