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   6         <title>Email Self-Defense - a guide to fighting surveillance with GnuPG encryption</title>
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  24                         <h1>Email Self-Defense</h1>
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  52                                         <a href="index.html" class="current">GNU/Linux</a>
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  55                                         <a href="mac.html">Mac OS</a>
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  58                                         <a href="windows.html">Windows</a>
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  60                                 <li class="spacer"><a href="workshops.html">让你的朋友也学会</a></li>
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  62                                         <a href="https://fsf.org/share?u=https://u.fsf.org/zb&amp;t=Email encryption for everyone via %40fsf">
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  78                                 <h3>
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  80                                                 <img alt="Free Software Foundation"
  81                                                 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" />
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  83                                 </h3>
  84                                 <div class="fsf-emphasis">
  85                                         <p>
  86                                                 我们为计算机用户的权利而战，并促进自由软件的开发，对抗大规模监控对我们至关重要。
  87                                         </p>
  88                                         <p>
  89                                                 <strong>
  90                                                         请捐款以支持电子邮件加密指南。我们会一直改进它，使其充实，for the benefit of people around the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.
  91                                                 </strong>
  92                                         </p>
  93                                 </div>
  94
  95                                 <p><a href="https://crm.fsf.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&amp;id=14&amp;pk_campaign=email_self_defense&amp;pk_kwd=guide_donate"><img alt="Donate" src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/donate.png"   /></a>  </p>
  96
  97                         </div><!-- End #fsf-intro -->
  98
  99                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Guide Introduction ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 100                         <div class="intro">
 101                                 <p>
 102                                         <a id="infographic" href="infographic.html"><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/infographic-button.png" alt="View &amp; share our infographic &rarr;" /></a>大规模监控侵犯了我们的基本权利，并给言论自由带来风险。本指南将会教你一些基本的监控防护技巧：电子邮件加密。一旦你学会了，监控代理即使拦截了你的邮件也无法阅读其中的内容。你所需要的是一台带网络连接的计算机，一个电子邮件账号和大约 40 分钟的时间。</p>
 103
 104                                         <p>即使你没有什么秘密好隐藏的，使用加密能够保护与你交流的人的隐私，并让大规模监控变得困难。If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company; 告密者在揭发人权侵犯，贪污腐败和犯罪行为时，也是用着相同的工具来保护他们自己的身份。</p>
 105
 106                                         <p>除了使用加密技术外，我们还需要我们监督政府，为<a href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">减少对我们的大量数据收集</a>而战。但更为要紧的是保护好你自己，使监控你的通信变得尽可能的困难。本指南将帮你做到。它是为初学者设计的，但要是你已经了解 GnuPG 的基本知识，或者你是一位资深的自由软件用户，你会喜欢进阶提示和<a href="workshops.html">教会你朋友的指南</a>。</p>
 107
 108                                 </div><!-- End .intro -->
 109
 110                         </div>
 111                 </header><!-- End #header -->
 112
 113                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 114                 <section class="row" id="section1">
 115                         <div>
 116                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 117                                 <div class="section-intro">
 118                                         <h2><em>#1</em> Get the pieces</h2>
 119                                         <p class="notes">本指南依赖于<a href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">自由授权</a>的软件；它是完全透明的，任何人都可以拷贝它，制作自己的版本。这使得它比专有软件（比如 Windows）来的更安全。你可以在 <a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org</a> 上了解更多关于自由软件的信息。</p>
 120
 121                                         <p>大多数 GNU/Linux 操作系统自带 GnuPG，所以你不必下载它。在配置 GnuPG 前，你需要安装 IceDove 电子邮件客户端。大多数 GNU/Linux 发行版已经安装好 IceDove 了，它可能是以别名 Thunderbird 出现在你的计算机中。电子邮件客户端是除通过浏览器访问邮箱（像 Gmail）外的另外一种方式，但提供了更多的功能。</p>
 122                                         <p>如果你已经安装好了电子邮件客户端，你可以跳至 <a href="#step-1b">Step 1.b</a>。</p>
 123                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 124
 125                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 126                                 <div id="step-1a" class="step">
 127                                         <div class="sidebar">
 128                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png" alt="Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
 129                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 130                                         <div class="main">
 131                                                 <h3><em>Step 1.a</em> 配置电子邮件客户端和帐号</h3>
 132                                                 <p>打开你的邮件客户端，一步一步地按照向导程序的说明设置好你的电子邮件账号。</p>
 133                                                 <p>在设置邮件账号时，找到服务器右边的 SSL，TLS 或者 STARTTLS 单词。如果你没有看到，你还是可以使用加密，但这意味着运行邮件服务器的人使用了低于行业标准的传输方式来保护你的隐私。我们建议你向他们发送一封友好的邮件，要求他们为你的邮件服务器启用 SSL，TLS 或者 STARTTLS。他们会知道你指的是什么，如果你不是安全领域的专家，这是一个值得的要求。</p>
 134
 135                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 136                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 137                                                         <h4>疑难解答</h4>
 138                                                         <dl>
 139                                                                 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch</dt>
 140                                                                 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is named differently in each email program. The button to launch it will be in the program's main menu, under "New" or something similar, titled something like "Add account" or "New/Existing email account."</dd>
 141                                                                 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail</dt>
 142                                                                 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.</dd>
 143                                                                 <dt class="feedback">没有得到解答？</dt>
 144                                                                 <dd class="feedback">请在<a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">反馈页</a>上告诉我们。</dd>
 145                                                         </dl>
 146                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 147
 148                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 149                                 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
 150
 151                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 152                                 <div id="step-1b" class="step">
 153                                         <div class="sidebar">
 154                                                 <ul class="images">
 155                                                         <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png" alt="Step 1.B: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
 156                                                         <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png" alt="Step 1.B: Search Add-ons" /></li>
 157                                                         <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png" alt="Step 1.B: Install Add-ons" /></li>
 158                                                 </ul>
 159                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 160                                         <div class="main">
 161                                                 <h3><em>Step 1.b</em> 在邮件客户端上安装 Enigmail 插件</h3>
 162                                                 <p>在邮件客户端的菜单栏里，选择“附加组件”（Add-ons，它可能在工具选项里）。确认选上了左侧的“扩展”（Extensions）。看到了 Enigmail 吗？如果是，请跳过此步。</p>
 163                                                 <p>如果没有，在右上方的搜索框里搜索“Enigmail”。你可以在这里获取到它。安装完成后重启邮件客户端。</p>
 164                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 165                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 166                                                         <h4>疑难解答</h4>
 167                                                         <dl>
 168
 169                                                                 <dt>I can't find the menu.</dt>
 170                                                                 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of three stacked horizontal bars.</dd>
 171                                                                 <dt>My email looks weird</dt>
 172                                                                 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail wasn't there.</dd>
 173
 174                                                                 <dt class="feedback">没有得到解答？</dt>
 175                                                                 <dd class="feedback">请在<a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">反馈页</a>上告诉我们。</dd>
 176                                                         </dl>
 177                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 178                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 179                                 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
 180
 181                         </div>
 182                 </section><!-- End #section1 -->
 183
 184                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 185                 <section class="row" id="section2">
 186                         <div>
 187                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 188                                 <div class="section-intro">
 189                                         <h2><em>#2</em> Make your keys</h2>
 190                                         <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked together by a special mathematical function.</p>
 191
 192                                         <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it, along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can look up your public key.</p>
 193
 194                                         <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to descramble encrypted emails other people send to you. <span style="font-weight: bold;">You should never share you private key with anyone, under any circumstances.</span></p>
 195                                         <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll discuss this more in the next section.</p>
 196                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 197
 198                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 199                                 <div id="step-2a" class="step">
 200                                         <div class="sidebar">
 201                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png" alt="Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
 202                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 203                                         <div class="main">
 204                                                 <h3><em>Step 2.a</em> Make a keypair</h3>
 205                                                 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed in the order they appear:</p>
 206                                                 <ul>
 207                                                         <li>On the screen titled "Encryption," select "Encrypt all of my messages by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
 208                                                         <li>On the screen titled "Signing," select "Don't sign my messages by default."</li>
 209                                                         <li>On the screen titled "Key Selection," select "I want to create a new key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
 210                                                         <li>On the screen titled "Create Key," pick a strong password! You can do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers figure out. To use it, read the section "Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in <a href="https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">this article</a> by Micah Lee.</li>
 211                                                         </ul>
 212
 213                                                         <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names, song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.</p>
 214
 215                                                         <p class="notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next step, the "Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.</p>
 216                                                         <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">When the "Key Generation Completed" screen pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on your computer (we recommend making a folder called "Revocation Certificate" in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in <a href="#section5">Section 5</a>.</span></p>
 217
 218
 219                                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 220                                                         <div class="troubleshooting">
 221                                                                 <h4>疑难解答</h4>
 222                                                                 <dl>
 223                                                                         <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.</dt>
 224                                                                         <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called Tools.</dd>
 225
 226                                                                         <dt>The wizard says that it cannot find GnuPG.</dt>
 227                                                                         <dd>Open whatever program you usually use for installing software, and search for GnuPG, then install it. Then restart the  Enigmail setup wizard by going to Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard.</dd>
 228
 229                                                                         <dt>My email looks weird</dt>
 230                                                                         <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail wasn't there.</dd>
 231
 232                                                                         <dt>More resources</dt>
 233                                                                         <dd>If you're having trouble with our instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a href="https://enigmail.wiki/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">Enigmail's wiki instructions for key generation</a>.</dd>
 234
 235
 236
 237                                                                         <dt class="feedback">没有得到解答？</dt>
 238                                                                         <dd class="feedback">请在<a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">反馈页</a>上告诉我们。</dd>
 239                                                                 </dl>
 240                                                         </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 241                                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 242
 243                                                         <div class="troubleshooting">
 244                                                                 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 245                                                                 <dl>
 246
 247
 248                                                                         <dt>Command line key generation</dt>
 249                                                                         <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher degree of control, you can follow the documentation from <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy Handbook</a>. Make sure you stick with "RSA and RSA" (the default), because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation recommends. Also make sure your key is at least 2048 bits, or 4096 if you want to be extra secure.</dd>
 250
 251                                                                         <dt>Advanced key pairs</dt>
 252                                                                         <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes the encryption function from the signing function through <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys</a>. If you use subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly. <a href="https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal</a> and <a href="http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki</a> provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.</dd>
 253                                                                 </dl>
 254                                                         </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 255                                                 </div><!-- End .main -->
 256                                         </div><!-- End #step-2a .step  -->
 257
 258
 259
 260                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 261                                         <div id="step-2b" class="step">
 262                                                 <div class="main">
 263                                                         <h3><em>Step 2.b</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver</h3>
 264                                                         <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 265                                                         <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. Use the default keyserver in the popup.</p>
 266                                                         <p class="notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.</p>
 267                                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 268                                                         <div class="troubleshooting">
 269                                                                 <h4>疑难解答</h4>
 270                                                                 <dl>
 271                                                                         <dt>The progress bar never finishes</dt>
 272                                                                         <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet, and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different keyserver.</dd>
 273                                                                         <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list</dt>
 274                                                                         <dd>Try checking "Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
 275                                                                         <dt>More documentation</dt>
 276                                                                         <dd>If you're having trouble with our instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/quickstart-ch2.php#id2533620">Enigmail's documentation</a>.</dd>
 277
 278                                                                         <dt class="feedback">没有得到解答？</dt>
 279                                                                         <dd class="feedback">请在<a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">反馈页</a>上告诉我们。</dd>
 280
 281                                                                 </dl>
 282                                                         </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 283
 284                                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 285                                                         <div class="troubleshooting">
 286                                                                 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 287                                                                 <dl>
 288                                                                         <dt>Uploading a key from the command line</dt>
 289                                                                         <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line</a>. <a href="https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site</a> maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export your key</a> as a file on your computer.</dd>
 290
 291                                                                 </dl>
 292                                                         </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 293                                                 </div><!-- End .main -->
 294                                         </div><!-- End #step-2b .step  -->
 295
 296                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 297                                         <div id="terminology" class="step">
 298                                                 <div class="main">
 299                                                         <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?</h3>
 300                                                         <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG) is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.</p>
 301                                                 </div><!-- End .main -->
 302                                         </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
 303
 304
 305                                 </div>
 306                         </section><!-- End #section2 -->
 307
 308                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 309                         <section class="row" id="section3">
 310                                 <div>
 311                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 312                                         <div class="section-intro">
 313                                                 <h2><em>#3</em> Try it out!</h2>
 314                                                 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward, who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.</p>
 315
 316                                                 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without testing with Edward.</p> -->
 317                                         </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 318
 319                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 320                                         <div id="step-3a" class="step">
 321                                                 <div class="sidebar">
 322                                                         <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png" alt="Try it out." /></p>
 323                                                 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 324                                                 <div class="main">
 325                                                         <h3><em>Step 3.a</em> Send Edward your public key</h3>
 326                                                         <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.</p>
 327
 328                                                         <p>Address the message to <a href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Put at least one word (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.</p>
 329
 330                                                         <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
 331                                                                 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
 332                                                                 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
 333                                                                 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
 334                                                                 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.</p>
 335
 336                                                                 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded, head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as when corresponding with a real person.</p>
 337
 338                                                                 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password before using your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 339                                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 340                                                 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
 341
 342                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 343                                                 <div id="step-3b" class="step">
 344                                                         <div class="main">
 345                                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.b</em> Send a test encrypted email</h3>
 346                                                                 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to <a href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Make the subject "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.</p>
 347                                                                 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.</p>
 348                                                                 <p class="notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll get to this in a moment.</p>
 349                                                                 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found."</p>
 350
 351                                                                 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select ok in the next pop-up.</p>
 352
 353                                                                 <p>Now you are back at the "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found" screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.</p>
 354
 355                                                                 <p class="notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key, Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.</p>
 356                                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 357                                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 358                                                                         <h4>疑难解答</h4>
 359                                                                         <dl>
 360                                                                                 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key</dt>
 361                                                                                 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.</dd>
 362                                                                                 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder</dt>
 363                                                                                 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key, your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key, which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.</dd>
 364                                                                                 <dt>More resources</dt>
 365                                                                                 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a href="https://enigmail.wiki/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">Enigmail's wiki</a>.</dd>
 366                                                                                 <dt class="feedback">没有得到解答？</dt>
 367                                                                                 <dd class="feedback">请在<a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">反馈页</a>上告诉我们。</dd>
 368                                                                         </dl>
 369                                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 370
 371
 372                                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 373                                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 374                                                                         <h4>Advanced</h4>
 375                                                                         <dl>
 376                                                                                 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line</dt>
 377                                                                                 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line</a>, if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output appear in the regular character set.</dd>
 378                                                                         </dl>
 379                                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 380
 381
 382                                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 383                                                 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
 384
 385                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 386                                                 <div id="step-headers_unencrypted" class="step">
 387                                                         <div class="main">
 388                                                                 <h3><em>Important:</em> Security tips</h3>
 389                                                                 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not, independent of the actual email.</p>
 390                                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 391                                                 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
 392
 393
 394                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 395                                                 <div id="step-3c" class="step">
 396                                                         <div class="main">
 397                                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.c</em> Receive a response</h3>
 398                                                                 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt it, then use your public key (which you sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step 3.A</a>) to encrypt his reply to you.</p>
 399
 400                                                                 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 401                                                                 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will automatically detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and then it will use your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 402                                                                 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with information about the status of Edward's key.</p>
 403                                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 404                                                 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
 405
 406
 407                                                 <div id="step-3d" class="step">
 408                                                         <div class="main">
 409                                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.d</em> Send a test signed email</h3>
 410                                                                 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key (another reason to keep your private key safe).</p>
 411
 412                                                                 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your signature is authentic.</p>
 413
 414                                                                 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message, because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.</p>
 415
 416                                                                 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.</p>
 417                                                         </div>
 418                                                 </div>
 419
 420                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 421                                                 <div id="step-3e" class="step">
 422                                                         <div class="main">
 423                                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.e</em> Receive a response</h3>
 424                                                                 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which you sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step 3.A</a>) to verify that your signature is authentic and the message you sent has not been tampered with.</p>
 425
 426                                                                 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 427
 428                                                                 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted, he will mention that first.</p>
 429                                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 430                                                 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
 431                                         </div>
 432                                 </section>
 433
 434
 435                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 436                                 <section class="row" id="section4">
 437                                         <div>
 438                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 439                                                 <div class="section-intro">
 440                                                         <h2><em>#4</em> Learn the Web of Trust</h2>
 441                                                         <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness; it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.</p>
 442
 443                                                         <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified that it belongs to them and not someone else.</p>
 444
 445                                                         <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.</p>
 446
 447                                                         <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users, connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.</p>
 448
 449                                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 450
 451                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 452                                                 <div id="step-4a" class="step">
 453                                                         <div class="sidebar">
 454                                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png" alt="Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
 455                                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 456                                                         <div class="main">
 457                                                                 <h3><em>Step 4.a</em> Sign a key</h3>
 458                                                                 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 459                                                                 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context menu.</p>
 460                                                                 <p>In the window that pops up, select "I will not answer" and click ok.</p>
 461                                                                 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver &rarr; Upload Public Keys and hit ok.</p>
 462                                                                 <p class="notes">You've just effectively said "I trust that Edward's public key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't a real person, but it's good practice.</p>
 463
 464
 465                                                                 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
 466                                                                 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi" method="get">
 467                                                                 <p><strong>From:</strong> <input type="text" placeholder="xD41A008"  name="FROM"></p>
 468                                                                 <p><strong>To:</strong> <input type="text" placeholder="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
 469                                                                 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"> <input type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
 470                                                         </form>
 471                                                 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
 472
 473                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 474                                 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
 475
 476                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 477                                 <div id="step-identify_keys" class="step">
 478                                         <div class="main">
 479                                                 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs</h3>
 480                                                 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint, which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.</p>
 481
 482                                                 <p class="notes">You may also see public keys referred to by their key ID, which is simply the last eight digits of the fingerprint, like C09A61E8 for Edward. The key ID is visible directly from the Key Management window. This key ID is like a person's first name (it is a useful shorthand but may not be unique to a given key), whereas the fingerprint actually identifies the key uniquely without the possibility of confusion. If you only have the key ID, you can still look up the key (as well as its fingerprint), like you did in Step 3, but if multiple options appear, you'll need the fingerprint of the person to whom you are trying to communicate to verify which one to use.</p>
 483
 484                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 485                                 </div><!-- End #step-sign_real_keys .step-->
 486
 487                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 488                                 <div id="check-ids-before-signing" class="step">
 489                                         <div class="main">
 490                                                 <h3><em>Important:</em> What to consider when signing keys</h3>
 491                                                 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail, answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks "How carefully have you verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s) named above?"
 492 </p>
 493
 494                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 495                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 496                                                         <h4>Advanced</h4>
 497                                                         <dl>
 498                                                                 <dt>Master the Web of Trust</dt>
 499                                                                 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way <a href="http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people think</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand</a> the Web of Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.</dd>
 500                                                                 <dt>Set ownertrust</dt>
 501                                                                 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right click on the other person's key, go to the "Select Owner Trust" menu option, select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a deep understanding of the Web of Trust.</dd>
 502                                                         </dl>
 503                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 504                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 505
 506                                 </div><!-- End #step-sign_real_keys .step-->
 507
 508
 509                         </div>
 510                 </section><!-- End #section4 -->
 511
 512                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 513                 <section id="section5" class="row">
 514                         <div>
 515                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 516                                 <div class="section-intro">
 517                                         <h2><em>#5</em> Use it well</h2>
 518                                         <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own, and damage the Web of Trust.</p>
 519                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 520
 521                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 522                                 <div id="step-5a" class="step">
 523                                         <div class="sidebar">
 524                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png" alt="Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
 525                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 526                                         <div class="main">
 527                                                 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?</h3>
 528
 529                                                 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it makes bulk surveillance more difficult.</p>
 530                                                 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).</p>
 531
 532                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 533                                 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
 534
 535                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 536                                 <div id="step-5b" class="step">
 537                                         <div class="sidebar">
 538                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png" alt="Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
 539                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 540                                         <div class="main">
 541                                                 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys</h3>
 542                                                 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.</p>
 543                                                 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says "Enigmail: Part of this message encrypted."</p>
 544                                                 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program will warn you there if you get an email encrypted with a key that can't be trusted.</b></p>
 545                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 546                                 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
 547
 548                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 549                                 <div id="step-5c" class="step">
 550                                         <div class="main">
 551                                                 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe</h3>
 552                                                 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with you regularly.</p>
 553                                                 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.</p>
 554                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 555                                 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
 556
 557                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 558                                 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 559                                         <div class="main">
 560                                                 <h3><em>Important:</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key</h3>
 561                                                 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these <a href="https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions</a>. After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy of your new key.</p>
 562                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 563                                 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 564
 565
 566
 567                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 568                                 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
 569                                 <div class="main">
 570                                 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
 571                                 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/keyman.php">key management window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a> the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
 572                         </div>--><!-- End .main -->
 573                 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 579                 <div id="webmail-and-GnuPG" class="step">
 580                         <div class="main">
 581                                 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG</h3>
 582                                 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail, an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive a scrambled email.</p>
 583                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 584                 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
 585
 586                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~
 587                 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
 588                 <div class="main">
 589                 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
 590                 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
 591
 592                 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website, or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
 593         </div>--><!-- End .main
 594 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
 595
 596 </section><!-- End #section5 -->
 597
 598
 599
 600 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 601 <section class="row" id="section6">
 602         <div id="step-click_here" class="step">
 603                 <div class="main">
 604                         <h2><a href="next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.</a></h2>
 605
 606                 </div><!-- End .main -->
 607         </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
 608
 609 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
 610
 611 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 612 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
 613 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
 614
 615 <section class="row" id="faq">
 616 <div>
 617 <div class="sidebar">
 618 <h2>FAQ</h2>
 619 </div>
 620
 621 <div class="main">
 622 <dl>
 623 <dt>My key expired</dt>
 624 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
 625
 626 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
 627 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
 628
 629 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
 630 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
 631 </dl>
 632 </div>
 633 </div>
 634 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
 635
 636 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 637 <footer class="row" id="footer">
 638         <div>
 639                 <div id="copyright">
 640                         <h4><a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img alt="Free Software Foundation" src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
 641                         <p>Copyright &copy; 2014-2016 <a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc. <a href="https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy</a>. Please support our work by <a href="https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate member.</a></p>
 642
 643                         <p>The images on this page are under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (or later version)</a>, and the rest of it is under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license (or later version)</a>. Download the <a href="http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">source code of Edward reply bot</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht &lt;sudoman@ninthfloor.org&gt; and Josh Drake &lt;zamnedix@gnu.org&gt;, available under the GNU Affero General Public License. <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these licenses?</a></p>
 644
 645                         <p>Fonts used in the guide &amp; infographic: <a href="https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis</a> by Pablo Impallari, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika</a> by Anna Giedry&#347;, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo Narrow</a> by Omnibus-Type, <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-2000</a> by Florian Cramer.</p>
 646
 647                         <p>Download the <a href="emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package</a> for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's messages.</p>
 648
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