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23 <h1>Email Self-Defense
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76 <div class=
"fsf-emphasis">
78 <p>We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as
79 in freedom) software. Resisting bulk surveillance is very important to us.
</p>
81 <p><strong>Please donate to support Email Self-Defense. We need to keep
82 improving it, and making more materials, for the benefit of people around
83 the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.
</strong></p>
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100 Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech
101 risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill: email
102 encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive emails
103 that are scrambled to make sure a surveillance agent or thief intercepting
104 your email can't read them. All you need is a computer with an Internet
105 connection, an email account, and about forty minutes.
</p>
107 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy
108 of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance
109 systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company;
110 these are the same tools that whistleblowers use to protect their identities
111 while shining light on human rights abuses, corruption and other crimes.
</p>
113 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up
114 to surveillance requires fighting politically for a
<a
115 href=
"http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction
116 in the amount of data collected on us
</a>, but the essential first step is
117 to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult
118 as possible. This guide helps you do that. It is designed for beginners, but
119 if you already know the basics of GnuPG or are an experienced free software
120 user, you'll enjoy the advanced tips and the
<a href=
"workshops.html">guide
121 to teaching your friends
</a>.
</p>
123 </div><!-- End .intro -->
124 </div></header><!-- End #header -->
126 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces ~~~~~~~~~ -->
127 <section class=
"row" id=
"section1"><div>
129 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
130 <div class=
"section-intro">
132 <h2><em>#
1</em> Get the pieces
</h2>
134 <p class=
"notes">This guide relies on software which is
<a
135 href=
"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">freely licensed
</a>;
136 it's completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their
137 own version. This makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary
138 software (like Windows). Learn more about free software at
<a
139 href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org
</a>.
</p>
141 <p>Most GNU/Linux operating systems come with GnuPG installed on them,
142 so you don't have to download it. Before configuring GnuPG though, you'll
143 need the IceDove desktop email program installed on your computer. Most
144 GNU/Linux distributions have IceDove installed already, though it may be
145 under the alternate name
"Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to
146 access the same email accounts you can access in a browser (like Gmail),
147 but provide extra features.
</p>
149 <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to
<a
150 href=
"#step-1b">Step
1.b
</a>.
</p>
152 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
154 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
155 <div id=
"step-1a" class=
"step">
156 <div class=
"sidebar">
159 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png"
160 alt=
"Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
162 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
165 <h3><em>Step
1.a
</em> Set up your email program with your email account
</h3>
167 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough)
168 that sets it up with your email account.
</p>
170 <p>Look for the letters SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS to the right of the servers
171 when you're setting up your account. If you don't see them, you will still
172 be able to use encryption, but this means that the people running your email
173 system are running behind the industry standard in protecting your security
174 and privacy. We recommend that you send them a friendly email asking them
175 to enable SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS for your email server. They will know what
176 you're talking about, so it's worth making the request even if you aren't
177 an expert on these security systems.
</p>
179 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
180 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
182 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
185 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch
</dt>
186 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is
187 named differently in each email program. The button to launch it will be in
188 the program's main menu, under
"New" or something similar, titled something
189 like
"Add account" or
"New/Existing email account."</dd>
191 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail
</dt>
192 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people
193 who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.
</dd>
195 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
196 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
197 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
201 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
202 </div><!-- End .main -->
203 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
205 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
206 <div id=
"step-1b" class=
"step">
207 <div class=
"sidebar">
209 <li><img src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png"
210 alt=
"Step 1.B: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
211 <li><img src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png"
212 alt=
"Step 1.B: Search Add-ons" /></li>
213 <li><img src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png"
214 alt=
"Step 1.B: Install Add-ons" /></li>
217 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
220 <h3><em>Step
1.b
</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program
</h3>
222 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools
223 section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail?
224 Make sure it's the latest version. If so, skip this step.
</p>
226 <p>If not, search
"Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You
227 can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.
</p>
229 <p>There are major security flaws in versions of GnuPG prior to
2.2.8, and
230 Enigmail prior to
2.0.7. Make sure you have GnuPG
2.2.8 and Enigmail
2.0.7,
231 or later versions.
</p>
233 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
234 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
236 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
239 <dt>I can't find the menu.
</dt>
240 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of
241 three stacked horizontal bars.
</dd>
243 <dt>My email looks weird
</dt>
244 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
245 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
246 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
247 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
250 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
251 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
252 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
256 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
257 </div><!-- End .main -->
258 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
259 </div></section><!-- End #section1 -->
261 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys ~~~~~~~~~ -->
262 <section class=
"row" id=
"section2"><div>
264 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
265 <div class=
"section-intro">
267 <h2><em>#
2</em> Make your keys
</h2>
269 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known
270 together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers
271 and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked
272 together by a special mathematical function.
</p>
274 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open
275 in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it,
276 along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the
277 keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can
278 look up your public key.
</p>
280 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to
281 yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to
282 descramble encrypted emails other people send to you.
<span style=
"font-weight:
283 bold;">You should never share your private key with anyone, under any
284 circumstances.
</span></p>
286 <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to
287 sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll
288 discuss this more in the next section.
</p>
290 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
292 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
293 <div id=
"step-2a" class=
"step">
294 <div class=
"sidebar">
297 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png"
298 alt=
"Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
300 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
303 <h3><em>Step
2.a
</em> Make a keypair
</h3>
305 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select
306 Enigmail
→ Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need
307 to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's
308 good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with
309 the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed
310 in the order they appear:
</p>
313 <li>On the screen titled
"Encryption," select
"Encrypt all of my messages
314 by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
316 <li>On the screen titled
"Signing," select
"Don't sign my messages by
319 <li>On the screen titled
"Key Selection," select
"I want to create a new
320 key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
322 <li>On the screen titled
"Create Key," pick a strong password! You can
323 do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually
324 is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires
325 dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers to figure
326 out. To use it, read the section
"Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in
<a
327 href=
"https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">
328 this article
</a> by Micah Lee.
</li>
331 <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something
332 you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes
333 at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or
334 punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use
335 any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names,
336 song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.
</p>
338 <p class=
"notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next
339 step, the
"Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your
340 computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the
341 computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.
</p>
343 <p><span style=
"font-weight: bold;">When the
"Key Generation Completed" screen
344 pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on
345 your computer (we recommend making a folder called
"Revocation Certificate"
346 in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your
347 email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in
<a href=
"#section5">Section
350 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
351 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
353 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
356 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.
</dt>
357 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image
358 of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called
361 <dt>The wizard says that it cannot find GnuPG.
</dt>
362 <dd>Open whatever program you usually use for installing software, and search
363 for GnuPG, then install it. Then restart the Enigmail setup wizard by going
364 to Enigmail
→ Setup Wizard.
</dd>
366 <dt>More resources
</dt>
367 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
368 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
369 href=
"https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">
370 Enigmail's wiki instructions for key generation
</a>.
</dd>
372 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
373 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
374 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
378 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
380 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
381 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
386 <dt>Command line key generation
</dt>
387 <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher
388 degree of control, you can follow the documentation from
<a
389 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy
390 Handbook
</a>. Make sure you stick with
"RSA and RSA" (the default),
391 because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation
392 recommends. Also make sure your key is at least
2048 bits, or
4096 if you
393 want to be extra secure.
</dd>
395 <dt>Advanced key pairs
</dt>
396 <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes
397 the encryption function from the signing function through
<a
398 href=
"https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys
</a>. If you use
399 subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more
400 secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly.
<a
401 href=
"https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal
</a>
402 and
<a href=
"http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki
</a>
403 provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.
</dd>
406 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
407 </div><!-- End .main -->
408 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step -->
410 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
411 <div id=
"step-2b" class=
"step">
414 <h3><em>Step
2.b
</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver
</h3>
416 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail
→ Key Management.
</p>
418 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. You
419 don't have to use the default keyserver. If, after research, you would like
420 to change to a different default keyserver, you can change that setting
421 manually in the Enigmail preferences.
</p>
423 <p class=
"notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can
424 download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers
425 that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies
426 of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes
427 takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.
</p>
429 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
430 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
432 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
435 <dt>The progress bar never finishes
</dt>
436 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet,
437 and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different
440 <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list
</dt>
441 <dd>Try checking
"Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
443 <dt>More documentation
</dt>
444 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
445 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
446 href=
"https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Key_Management#Distributing_your_public_key">
447 Enigmail's documentation
</a>.
</dd>
449 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
450 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
451 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
455 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
457 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
458 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
463 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line
</dt>
464 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the
<a
465 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line
</a>.
<a
466 href=
"https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site
</a>
467 maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also
<a
468 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export
469 your key
</a> as a file on your computer.
</dd>
472 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
473 </div><!-- End .main -->
474 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step -->
476 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
477 <div id=
"terminology" class=
"step">
480 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?
</h3>
482 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP
483 are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the
484 encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG)
485 is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program
486 for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.
</p>
488 </div><!-- End .main -->
489 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
490 </div></section><!-- End #section2 -->
492 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out ~~~~~~~~~ -->
493 <section class=
"row" id=
"section3"><div>
495 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
496 <div class=
"section-intro">
498 <h2><em>#
3</em> Try it out!
</h2>
500 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward,
501 who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same
502 steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.
</p>
504 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he
505 may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about
506 this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without
507 testing with Edward.</p> -->
508 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
510 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
511 <div id=
"step-3a" class=
"step">
512 <div class=
"sidebar">
515 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png"
516 alt=
"Try it out." /></p>
518 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
521 <h3><em>Step
3.a
</em> Send Edward your public key
</h3>
523 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding
524 with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail
→ Key
525 Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click
526 on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new
527 draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.
</p>
529 <p>Address the message to
<a
530 href=
"mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org
</a>. Put at least one word
531 (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.
</p>
533 <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
534 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
535 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
536 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
537 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.
</p>
539 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
540 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
541 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded,
542 head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as
543 when corresponding with a real person.
</p>
545 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password
546 before using your private key to decrypt it.
</p>
548 </div><!-- End .main -->
549 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
551 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
552 <div id=
"step-3b" class=
"step">
555 <h3><em>Step
3.b
</em> Send a test encrypted email
</h3>
557 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to
<a
558 href=
"mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org
</a>. Make the subject
559 "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.
</p>
561 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning
562 encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.
</p>
564 <p class=
"notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll
565 get to this in a moment.
</p>
567 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says
"Recipients not valid,
568 not trusted or not found."</p>
570 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have
571 Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use
572 the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds
573 keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select
574 ok in the next pop-up.
</p>
576 <p>Now you are back at the
"Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found"
577 screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.
</p>
579 <p class=
"notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key,
580 Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with
581 his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.
</p>
583 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
584 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
586 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
589 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key
</dt>
590 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure
591 you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat
592 the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.
</dd>
594 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder
</dt>
595 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key,
596 your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key,
597 which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This
598 is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.
</dd>
600 <dt>More resources
</dt>
601 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our
602 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
603 href=
"https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">
604 Enigmail's wiki
</a>.
</dd>
606 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
607 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
608 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
612 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
614 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
615 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
620 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line
</dt>
621 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the
<a
622 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line
</a>,
623 if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output
624 appear in the regular character set.
</dd>
627 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
628 </div><!-- End .main -->
629 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
631 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
632 <div id=
"step-headers_unencrypted" class=
"step">
635 <h3><em>Important:
</em> Security tips
</h3>
637 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so
638 don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses
639 aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who
640 you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're
641 using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you
642 send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not,
643 independent of the actual email.
</p>
645 <p>For greater security against potential attacks, you can turn off
646 HTML. Instead, you can render the message body as plain text. In order
647 to do this in Thunderbird, go to View
> Message Body As
> Plain
650 </div><!-- End .main -->
651 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
653 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
654 <div id=
"step-3c" class=
"step">
657 <h3><em>Step
3.c
</em> Receive a response
</h3>
659 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt
660 it, then reply to you.
</p>
662 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
663 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
664 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide.
</p>
666 </div><!-- End .main -->
667 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
669 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
670 <div id=
"step-3d" class=
"step">
673 <h3><em>Step
3.d
</em> Send a test signed email
</h3>
675 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that
676 they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These
677 signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible
678 to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key
679 (another reason to keep your private key safe).
</p>
681 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people
682 aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If
683 they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your
684 signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your
685 signature is authentic.
</p>
687 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the
688 pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a
689 message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message,
690 because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.
</p>
692 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will
693 be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.
</p>
698 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
699 <div id=
"step-3e" class=
"step">
702 <h3><em>Step
3.e
</em> Receive a response
</h3>
704 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which
705 you sent him in
<a href=
"#step-3a">Step
3.A
</a>) to verify the message
706 you sent has not been tampered with and to encrypt his reply to you.
</p>
708 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
709 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
710 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide.
</p>
712 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption
713 whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say
714 "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted,
715 he will mention that first.
</p>
717 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will
718 automatically detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and
719 then it will use your private key to decrypt it.
</p>
721 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with
722 information about the status of Edward's key.
</p>
724 </div><!-- End .main -->
725 </div><!-- End #step-3e .step -->
728 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust ~~~~~~~~~ -->
729 <section class=
"row" id=
"section4"><div>
731 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
732 <div class=
"section-intro">
734 <h2><em>#
4</em> Learn the Web of Trust
</h2>
736 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness;
737 it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually
738 theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making
739 an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and
740 impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that
741 developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.
</p>
743 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified
744 that it belongs to them and not someone else.
</p>
746 <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical
747 operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice
748 to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you
749 may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.
</p>
751 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've
752 used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You
753 can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from
754 people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users,
755 connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.
</p>
757 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
759 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
760 <div id=
"step-4a" class=
"step">
761 <div class=
"sidebar">
764 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png"
765 alt=
"Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
767 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
770 <h3><em>Step
4.a
</em> Sign a key
</h3>
772 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail
→ Key Management.
</p>
774 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context
777 <p>In the window that pops up, select
"I will not answer" and click ok.
</p>
779 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver
→
780 Upload Public Keys and hit ok.
</p>
782 <p class=
"notes">You've just effectively said
"I trust that Edward's public
783 key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't
784 a real person, but it's good practice.
</p>
786 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
788 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi"
791 <p><strong>From:</strong><input type="text" value="xD41A008"
794 <p><strong>To:</strong><input type="text" value="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
796 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"><input
797 type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
801 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
802 </div><!-- End .main -->
803 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
805 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
806 <div id=
"step-identify_keys" class=
"step">
809 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs
</h3>
811 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint,
812 which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8
813 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and
814 other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail
→ Key
815 Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key
816 and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint
817 wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that
818 they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.
</p>
820 <p class=
"notes">You may also see public keys referred to by a shorter
821 key ID. This key ID is visible directly from the Key Management
822 window. These eight character key IDs were previously used for
823 identification, which used to be safe, but is no longer reliable. You
824 need to check the full fingerprint as part of verifying you have the
825 correct key for the person you are trying to contact. Spoofing, in
826 which someone intentionally generates a key with a fingerprint whose
827 final eight characters are the same as another, is unfortunately
830 </div><!-- End .main -->
831 </div><!-- End #step-identify_keys .step-->
833 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
834 <div id=
"check-ids-before-signing" class=
"step">
837 <h3><em>Important:
</em> What to consider when signing keys
</h3>
839 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually
840 belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this
841 confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over
842 time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing
843 a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter
844 key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just
845 met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make
846 sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail,
847 answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks
"How carefully have you
848 verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s)
851 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
852 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
857 <dt>Master the Web of Trust
</dt>
858 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way
<a
859 href=
"http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people
860 think
</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply
<a
861 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand
</a> the Web of
862 Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.
</dd>
864 <dt>Set ownertrust
</dt>
865 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign
866 them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right
867 click on the other person's key, go to the
"Select Owner Trust" menu option,
868 select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a
869 deep understanding of the Web of Trust.
</dd>
872 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
873 </div><!-- End .main -->
874 </div><!-- End #check-ids-before-signing .step-->
875 </div></section><!-- End #section4 -->
877 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well ~~~~~~~~~ -->
878 <section id=
"section5" class=
"row"><div>
880 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
881 <div class=
"section-intro">
883 <h2><em>#
5</em> Use it well
</h2>
885 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow
886 some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you
887 risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own,
888 and damage the Web of Trust.
</p>
890 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
892 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
893 <div id=
"step-5a" class=
"step">
894 <div class=
"sidebar">
897 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png"
898 alt=
"Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
900 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
903 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?
</h3>
905 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt
906 emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for
907 surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people
908 doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only
909 encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it
910 makes bulk surveillance more difficult.
</p>
912 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other
913 protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or
914 not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify
915 that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind
916 everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you
917 often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's
918 nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature
919 (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).
</p>
921 </div><!-- End .main -->
922 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
924 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
925 <div id=
"step-5b" class=
"step">
926 <div class=
"sidebar">
929 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png"
930 alt=
"Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
932 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
935 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys
</h3>
937 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid
938 keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with
939 invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.
</p>
941 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward
942 sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a
943 message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says
"Enigmail: Part of
944 this message encrypted."</p>
946 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program
947 will warn you there if you get an email signed with a key that can't
950 </div><!-- End .main -->
951 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
953 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
954 <div id=
"step-5c" class=
"step">
957 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe
</h3>
959 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate
960 that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital
961 storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard
962 drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with
965 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate
966 file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.
</p>
968 </div><!-- End .main -->
969 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
971 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
972 <div id=
"step-lost_key" class=
"step">
975 <h3><em>Important:
</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key
</h3>
977 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold
978 of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's
979 important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses
980 it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This
981 guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these
<a
982 href=
"https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions
</a>.
983 After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone
984 with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy
987 </div><!-- End .main -->
988 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
990 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
991 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
994 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
996 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a
997 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/Key_Management">key management
998 window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read
999 your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export
1000 your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a
1001 href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a>
1002 the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
1004 </div>--><!-- End .main
1005 </div> End #transfer-key .step-->
1007 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1008 <div id=
"webmail-and-GnuPG" class=
"step">
1011 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG
</h3>
1013 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail,
1014 an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop
1015 email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt
1016 encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you
1017 primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive
1018 a scrambled email.
</p>
1020 </div><!-- End .main -->
1021 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
1023 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~
1024 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
1027 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
1029 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then
1030 compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just
1031 set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide
1032 and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a
1033 href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
1035 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone
1036 would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website,
1037 or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our
1038 <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our
1039 culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an
1040 email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
1042 </div>--><!-- End .main
1043 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
1044 </div></section><!-- End #section5 -->
1046 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1047 <section class=
"row" id=
"section6">
1048 <div id=
"step-click_here" class=
"step">
1051 <h2><a href=
"next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.
</a></h2>
1053 </div><!-- End .main -->
1054 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
1055 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
1057 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1058 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
1059 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
1060 <section class="row" id="faq"><div>
1061 <div class="sidebar">
1069 <dt>My key expired</dt>
1070 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1072 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
1073 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1075 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my
1076 default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
1077 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1082 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
1084 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1085 <footer class=
"row" id=
"footer"><div>
1086 <div id=
"copyright">
1088 <h4><a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
1089 alt=
"Free Software Foundation"
1090 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
1092 <p>Copyright
© 2014-
2016 <a
1093 href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation
</a>, Inc.
<a
1094 href=
"https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy
</a>. Please
1095 support our work by
<a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate
1098 <p>The images on this page are under a
<a
1099 href=
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
1100 Attribution
4.0 license (or later version)
</a>, and the rest of it is under
1101 a
<a href=
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons
1102 Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 license (or later version)
</a>. Download the
<a
1103 href=
"http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">
1104 source code of Edward reply bot
</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht
1105 <andrew@engelbrecht.io
> and Josh Drake
<zamnedix@gnu.org
>,
1106 available under the GNU Affero General Public License.
<a
1107 href=
"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these
1110 <p>Fonts used in the guide
& infographic:
<a
1111 href=
"https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis
</a> by Pablo
1112 Impallari,
<a href=
"http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika
</a>
1113 by Anna Giedry
ś,
<a
1114 href=
"http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo
1115 Narrow
</a> by Omnibus-Type,
<a
1116 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-
2000</a>
1117 by Florian Cramer.
</p>
1119 <p>Download the
<a href=
"emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package
</a>
1120 for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's
1123 <p>This site uses the Weblabels standard for labeling
<a
1124 href=
"https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/freejs">free JavaScript
</a>. View
1125 the JavaScript
<a href=
"//weblabels.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/"
1126 rel=
"jslicense">source code and license information
</a>.
</p>
1128 </div><!-- /#copyright -->
1130 <p class=
"credits">Infographic and guide design by
<a rel=
"external"
1131 href=
"http://jplusplus.org"><strong>Journalism++
</strong><img
1132 src=
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