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  23 <h1>Email Self-Defense</h1>
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  78 <p>We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as
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  83 the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.</strong></p>
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 100 Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech
 101 risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill: email
 102 encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive emails
 103 that are scrambled to make sure a surveillance agent or thief intercepting
 104 your email can't read them. All you need is a computer with an Internet
 105 connection, an email account, and about forty minutes.</p>
 106
 107 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy
 108 of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance
 109 systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company;
 110 these are the same tools that whistleblowers use to protect their identities
 111 while shining light on human rights abuses, corruption and other crimes.</p>
 112
 113 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up
 114 to surveillance requires fighting politically for a <a
 115 href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction
 116 in the amount of data collected on us</a>, but the essential first step is
 117 to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult
 118 as possible. This guide helps you do that. It is designed for beginners, but
 119 if you already know the basics of GnuPG or are an experienced free software
 120 user, you'll enjoy the advanced tips and the <a href="workshops.html">guide
 121 to teaching your friends</a>.</p>
 122
 123 </div><!-- End .intro -->
 124 </div></header><!-- End #header -->
 125
 126 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 127 <section class="row" id="section1"><div>
 128
 129 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 130 <div class="section-intro">
 131
 132 <h2><em>#1</em> Get the pieces</h2>
 133
 134 <p class="notes">This guide relies on software which is <a
 135 href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">freely licensed</a>; it's
 136 completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their own version. This
 137 makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary software (like Windows or Mac
 138 OS). To defend your freedom as well as protect yourself from surveillance, we
 139 recommend you switch to a free software operating system like GNU/Linux. Learn
 140 more about free software at <a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org</a>.</p>
 141
 142 <p>To get started, you'll need the IceDove desktop email program installed
 143 on your computer. For your system, IceDove may be known by the alternate name
 144 "Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to access the same email accounts
 145 you can access in a browser (like Gmail), but provide extra features.</p>
 146
 147 <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to <a
 148 href="#step-1b">Step 1.b</a>.</p>
 149
 150 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 151
 152 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 153 <div id="step-1a" class="step">
 154 <div class="sidebar">
 155
 156 <p><img
 157 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png"
 158 alt="Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
 159
 160 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 161 <div class="main">
 162
 163 <h3><em>Step 1.a</em> Set up your email program with your email account</h3>
 164
 165 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough)
 166 that sets it up with your email account.</p>
 167
 168 <p>Look for the letters SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS to the right of the servers
 169 when you're setting up your account. If you don't see them, you will still
 170 be able to use encryption, but this means that the people running your email
 171 system are running behind the industry standard in protecting your security
 172 and privacy. We recommend that you send them a friendly email asking them
 173 to enable SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS for your email server. They will know what
 174 you're talking about, so it's worth making the request even if you aren't
 175 an expert on these security systems.</p>
 176
 177 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 178 <div class="troubleshooting">
 179
 180 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 181
 182 <dl>
 183 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch</dt>
 184 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is
 185 named differently in each email program. The button to launch it will be in
 186 the program's main menu, under "New" or something similar, titled something
 187 like "Add account" or "New/Existing email account."</dd>
 188
 189 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail</dt>
 190 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people
 191 who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.</dd>
 192
 193 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 194 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 195 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 196 page</a>.</dd>
 197 </dl>
 198
 199 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 200 </div><!-- End .main -->
 201 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
 202
 203 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 204 <div id="step-1b" class="step">
 205 <div class="main">
 206
 207 <h3><em>Step 1.b</em> Get GnuPG by downloading GPG4Win</h3>
 208
 209 <p>GPG4Win is a software package that includes GnuPG. <a
 210 href="https://www.gpg4win.org/">Download</a> and install it, choosing default
 211 options whenever asked. After it's installed, you can close any windows that
 212 it creates.</p>
 213
 214 <p>There are major security flaws in versions of GnuPG provided by GPG4Win
 215 prior to 3.1.2. Make sure you have GPG4Win 3.1.2 or later.</p>
 216
 217 </div><!-- End .main -->
 218 </div><!-- End #step1-b .step -->
 219
 220 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 221 <div id="step-1c" class="step">
 222 <div class="sidebar">
 223 <ul class="images">
 224 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png"
 225 alt="Step 1.C: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
 226 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png"
 227 alt="Step 1.C: Search Add-ons" /></li>
 228 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png"
 229 alt="Step 1.C: Install Add-ons" /></li>
 230 </ul>
 231
 232 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 233 <div class="main">
 234
 235 <h3><em>Step 1.c</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program</h3>
 236
 237 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools
 238 section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail?
 239 Make sure it's the latest version. If so, skip this step.</p>
 240
 241 <p>If not, search "Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You
 242 can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.</p>
 243
 244 <p>There are major security flaws in Enigmail prior to version 2.0.7. Make
 245 sure you have Enigmail 2.0.7 or later.</p>
 246
 247 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 248 <div class="troubleshooting">
 249
 250 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 251
 252 <dl>
 253 <dt>I can't find the menu.</dt>
 254 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of
 255 three stacked horizontal bars.</dd>
 256
 257 <dt>My email looks weird</dt>
 258 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
 259 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
 260 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
 261 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
 262 wasn't there.</dd>
 263
 264 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 265 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 266 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 267 page</a>.</dd>
 268 </dl>
 269
 270 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 271 </div><!-- End .main -->
 272 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
 273 </div></section><!-- End #section1 -->
 274
 275 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 276 <section class="row" id="section2"><div>
 277
 278 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 279 <div class="section-intro">
 280
 281 <h2><em>#2</em> Make your keys</h2>
 282
 283 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known
 284 together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers
 285 and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked
 286 together by a special mathematical function.</p>
 287
 288 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open
 289 in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it,
 290 along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the
 291 keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can
 292 look up your public key.</p>
 293
 294 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to
 295 yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to
 296 descramble encrypted emails other people send to you. <span style="font-weight:
 297 bold;">You should never share you private key with anyone, under any
 298 circumstances.</span></p>
 299
 300 <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to
 301 sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll
 302 discuss this more in the next section.</p>
 303
 304 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 305
 306 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 307 <div id="step-2a" class="step">
 308 <div class="sidebar">
 309
 310 <p><img
 311 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png"
 312 alt="Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
 313
 314 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 315 <div class="main">
 316
 317 <h3><em>Step 2.a</em> Make a keypair</h3>
 318
 319 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select
 320 Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need
 321 to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's
 322 good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with
 323 the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed
 324 in the order they appear:</p>
 325
 326 <ul>
 327 <li>On the screen titled "Encryption," select "Encrypt all of my messages
 328 by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
 329
 330 <li>On the screen titled "Signing," select "Don't sign my messages by
 331 default."</li>
 332
 333 <li>On the screen titled "Key Selection," select "I want to create a new
 334 key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
 335
 336 <li>On the screen titled "Create Key," pick a strong password! You can
 337 do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually
 338 is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires
 339 dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers to figure
 340 out. To use it, read the section "Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in <a
 341 href="https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">
 342 this article</a> by Micah Lee.</li>
 343 </ul>
 344
 345 <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something
 346 you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes
 347 at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or
 348 punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use
 349 any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names,
 350 song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.</p>
 351
 352 <p class="notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next
 353 step, the "Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your
 354 computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the
 355 computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.</p>
 356
 357 <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">When the "Key Generation Completed" screen
 358 pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on
 359 your computer (we recommend making a folder called "Revocation Certificate"
 360 in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your
 361 email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in <a href="#section5">Section
 362 5</a>.</span></p>
 363
 364 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 365 <div class="troubleshooting">
 366
 367 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 368
 369 <dl>
 370 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.</dt>
 371 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image
 372 of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called
 373 Tools.</dd>
 374
 375 <dt>More resources</dt>
 376 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
 377 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 378 href="https://enigmail.wiki/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">
 379 Enigmail's wiki instructions for key generation</a>.</dd>
 380
 381 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 382 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 383 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 384 page</a>.</dd>
 385 </dl>
 386
 387 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 388
 389 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 390 <div class="troubleshooting">
 391
 392 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 393
 394 <dl>
 395 <dt>Command line key generation</dt>
 396 <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher
 397 degree of control, you can follow the documentation from <a
 398 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy
 399 Handbook</a>. Make sure you stick with "RSA and RSA" (the default),
 400 because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation
 401 recommends. Also make sure your key is at least 2048 bits, or 4096 if you
 402 want to be extra secure.</dd>
 403
 404 <dt>Advanced key pairs</dt>
 405 <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes
 406 the encryption function from the signing function through <a
 407 href="https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys</a>. If you use
 408 subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more
 409 secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly. <a
 410 href="https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal</a>
 411 and <a href="http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki</a>
 412 provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.</dd>
 413 </dl>
 414
 415 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 416 </div><!-- End .main -->
 417 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step -->
 418
 419 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 420 <div id="step-2b" class="step">
 421 <div class="main">
 422
 423 <h3><em>Step 2.b</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver</h3>
 424
 425 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 426
 427 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. Use
 428 the default keyserver in the popup.</p>
 429
 430 <p class="notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can
 431 download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers
 432 that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies
 433 of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes
 434 takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.</p>
 435
 436 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 437 <div class="troubleshooting">
 438
 439 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 440
 441 <dl>
 442 <dt>The progress bar never finishes</dt>
 443 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet,
 444 and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different
 445 keyserver.</dd>
 446
 447 <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list</dt>
 448 <dd>Try checking "Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
 449
 450 <dt>More documentation</dt>
 451 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
 452 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 453 href="https://www.enigmail.net/index.php/en/documentation">
 454 Enigmail's documentation</a>.</dd>
 455
 456 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 457 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 458 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 459 page</a>.</dd>
 460 </dl>
 461
 462 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 463
 464 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 465 <div class="troubleshooting">
 466
 467 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 468
 469 <dl>
 470 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line</dt>
 471 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the <a
 472 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line</a>. <a
 473 href="https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site</a>
 474 maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also <a
 475 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export
 476 your key</a> as a file on your computer.</dd>
 477 </dl>
 478
 479 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 480 </div><!-- End .main -->
 481 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step -->
 482
 483 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 484 <div id="terminology" class="step">
 485 <div class="main">
 486
 487 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?</h3>
 488
 489 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP
 490 are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the
 491 encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG)
 492 is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program
 493 for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.</p>
 494
 495 </div><!-- End .main -->
 496 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
 497 </div></section><!-- End #section2 -->
 498
 499 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 500 <section class="row" id="section3"><div>
 501
 502 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 503 <div class="section-intro">
 504
 505 <h2><em>#3</em> Try it out!</h2>
 506
 507 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward,
 508 who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same
 509 steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.</p>
 510
 511 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he
 512 may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about
 513 this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without
 514 testing with Edward.</p> -->
 515 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 516
 517 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 518 <div id="step-3a" class="step">
 519 <div class="sidebar">
 520
 521 <p><img
 522 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png"
 523 alt="Try it out." /></p>
 524
 525 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 526 <div class="main">
 527
 528 <h3><em>Step 3.a</em> Send Edward your public key</h3>
 529
 530 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding
 531 with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key
 532 Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click
 533 on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new
 534 draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.</p>
 535
 536 <p>Address the message to <a
 537 href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Put at least one word
 538 (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.</p>
 539
 540 <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
 541 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
 542 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
 543 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
 544 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.</p>
 545
 546 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 547 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 548 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded,
 549 head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as
 550 when corresponding with a real person.</p>
 551
 552 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password
 553 before using your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 554
 555 </div><!-- End .main -->
 556 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
 557
 558 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 559 <div id="step-3b" class="step">
 560 <div class="main">
 561
 562 <h3><em>Step 3.b</em> Send a test encrypted email</h3>
 563
 564 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to <a
 565 href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Make the subject
 566 "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.</p>
 567
 568 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning
 569 encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.</p>
 570
 571 <p class="notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll
 572 get to this in a moment.</p>
 573
 574 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says "Recipients not valid,
 575 not trusted or not found."</p>
 576
 577 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have
 578 Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use
 579 the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds
 580 keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select
 581 ok in the next pop-up.</p>
 582
 583 <p>Now you are back at the "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found"
 584 screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.</p>
 585
 586 <p class="notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key,
 587 Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with
 588 his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.</p>
 589
 590 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 591 <div class="troubleshooting">
 592
 593 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 594
 595 <dl>
 596 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key</dt>
 597 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure
 598 you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat
 599 the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.</dd>
 600
 601 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder</dt>
 602 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key,
 603 your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key,
 604 which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This
 605 is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.</dd>
 606
 607 <dt>More resources</dt>
 608 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our
 609 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 610 href="https://enigmail.wiki/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">
 611 Enigmail's wiki</a>.</dd>
 612
 613 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 614 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 615 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 616 page</a>.</dd>
 617 </dl>
 618
 619 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 620
 621 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 622 <div class="troubleshooting">
 623
 624 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 625
 626 <dl>
 627 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line</dt>
 628 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the <a
 629 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line</a>,
 630 if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output
 631 appear in the regular character set.</dd>
 632 </dl>
 633
 634 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 635 </div><!-- End .main -->
 636 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
 637
 638 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 639 <div id="step-headers_unencrypted" class="step">
 640 <div class="main">
 641
 642 <h3><em>Important:</em> Security tips</h3>
 643
 644 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so
 645 don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses
 646 aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who
 647 you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're
 648 using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you
 649 send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not,
 650 independent of the actual email.</p>
 651
 652 <p>For greater security against potential attacks, you can turn off
 653 HTML. Instead, you can render the message body as plain text.</p>
 654
 655 </div><!-- End .main -->
 656 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
 657
 658 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 659 <div id="step-3c" class="step">
 660 <div class="main">
 661
 662 <h3><em>Step 3.c</em> Receive a response</h3>
 663
 664 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt
 665 it, then use your public key (which you sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step
 666 3.A</a>) to encrypt his reply to you.</p>
 667
 668 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 669 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 670 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 671
 672 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will automatically
 673 detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and then it will use your
 674 private key to decrypt it.</p>
 675
 676 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with information
 677 about the status of Edward's key.</p>
 678
 679 </div><!-- End .main -->
 680 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
 681
 682 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 683 <div id="step-3d" class="step">
 684 <div class="main">
 685
 686 <h3><em>Step 3.d</em> Send a test signed email</h3>
 687
 688 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that
 689 they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These
 690 signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible
 691 to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key
 692 (another reason to keep your private key safe).</p>
 693
 694 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people
 695 aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If
 696 they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your
 697 signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your
 698 signature is authentic.</p>
 699
 700 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the
 701 pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a
 702 message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message,
 703 because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.</p>
 704
 705 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will
 706 be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.</p>
 707
 708 </div>
 709 </div>
 710
 711 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 712 <div id="step-3e" class="step">
 713 <div class="main">
 714
 715 <h3><em>Step 3.e</em> Receive a response</h3>
 716
 717 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which you
 718 sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step 3.A</a>) to verify that your signature
 719 is authentic and the message you sent has not been tampered with.</p>
 720
 721 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 722 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 723 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 724
 725 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption
 726 whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say
 727 "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted,
 728 he will mention that first.</p>
 729
 730 </div><!-- End .main -->
 731 </div><!-- End #step-3e .step -->
 732 </div></section>
 733
 734 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 735 <section class="row" id="section4"><div>
 736
 737 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 738 <div class="section-intro">
 739
 740 <h2><em>#4</em> Learn the Web of Trust</h2>
 741
 742 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness;
 743 it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually
 744 theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making
 745 an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and
 746 impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that
 747 developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.</p>
 748
 749 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified
 750 that it belongs to them and not someone else.</p>
 751
 752 <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical
 753 operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice
 754 to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you
 755 may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.</p>
 756
 757 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've
 758 used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You
 759 can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from
 760 people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users,
 761 connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.</p>
 762
 763 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 764
 765 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 766 <div id="step-4a" class="step">
 767 <div class="sidebar">
 768
 769 <p><img
 770 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png"
 771 alt="Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
 772
 773 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 774 <div class="main">
 775
 776 <h3><em>Step 4.a</em> Sign a key</h3>
 777
 778 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 779
 780 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context
 781 menu.</p>
 782
 783 <p>In the window that pops up, select "I will not answer" and click ok.</p>
 784
 785 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver &rarr;
 786 Upload Public Keys and hit ok.</p>
 787
 788 <p class="notes">You've just effectively said "I trust that Edward's public
 789 key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't
 790 a real person, but it's good practice.</p>
 791
 792 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
 793
 794 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi"
 795 method="get">
 796
 797 <p><strong>From:</strong><input type="text" value="xD41A008"
 798 name="FROM"></p>
 799
 800 <p><strong>To:</strong><input type="text" value="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
 801
 802 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"><input
 803 type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
 804
 805 </form>
 806
 807 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
 808 </div><!-- End .main -->
 809 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
 810
 811 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 812 <div id="step-identify_keys" class="step">
 813 <div class="main">
 814
 815 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs</h3>
 816
 817 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint,
 818 which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8
 819 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and
 820 other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail &rarr; Key
 821 Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key
 822 and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint
 823 wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that
 824 they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.</p>
 825
 826 <p class="notes">You may also see public keys referred to by a shorter
 827 key ID. This key ID is visible directly from the Key Management
 828 window. These eight character key IDs were previously used for
 829 identification, which used to be safe, but is no longer reliable. You
 830 need to check the full fingerprint as part of verifying you have the
 831 correct key for the person you are trying to contact. Spoofing, in
 832 which someone intentionally generates a key with a fingerprint whose
 833 final eight characters are the same as another, is unfortunately
 834 common.</p>
 835
 836 </div><!-- End .main -->
 837 </div><!-- End #step-identify_keys .step-->
 838
 839 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 840 <div id="check-ids-before-signing" class="step">
 841 <div class="main">
 842
 843 <h3><em>Important:</em> What to consider when signing keys</h3>
 844
 845 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually
 846 belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this
 847 confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over
 848 time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing
 849 a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter
 850 key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just
 851 met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make
 852 sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail,
 853 answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks "How carefully have you
 854 verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s)
 855 named above?"</p>
 856
 857 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 858 <div class="troubleshooting">
 859
 860 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 861
 862 <dl>
 863 <dt>Master the Web of Trust</dt>
 864 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way <a
 865 href="http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people
 866 think</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply <a
 867 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand</a> the Web of
 868 Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.</dd>
 869
 870 <dt>Set ownertrust</dt>
 871 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign
 872 them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right
 873 click on the other person's key, go to the "Select Owner Trust" menu option,
 874 select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a
 875 deep understanding of the Web of Trust.</dd>
 876 </dl>
 877
 878 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 879 </div><!-- End .main -->
 880 </div><!-- End #check-ids-before-signing .step-->
 881 </div></section><!-- End #section4 -->
 882
 883 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 884 <section id="section5" class="row"><div>
 885
 886 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 887 <div class="section-intro">
 888
 889 <h2><em>#5</em> Use it well</h2>
 890
 891 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow
 892 some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you
 893 risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own,
 894 and damage the Web of Trust.</p>
 895
 896 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 897
 898 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 899 <div id="step-5a" class="step">
 900 <div class="sidebar">
 901
 902 <p><img
 903 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png"
 904 alt="Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
 905
 906 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 907 <div class="main">
 908
 909 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?</h3>
 910
 911 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt
 912 emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for
 913 surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people
 914 doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only
 915 encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it
 916 makes bulk surveillance more difficult.</p>
 917
 918 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other
 919 protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or
 920 not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify
 921 that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind
 922 everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you
 923 often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's
 924 nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature
 925 (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).</p>
 926
 927 </div><!-- End .main -->
 928 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
 929
 930 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 931 <div id="step-5b" class="step">
 932 <div class="sidebar">
 933
 934 <p><img
 935 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png"
 936 alt="Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
 937
 938 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 939 <div class="main">
 940
 941 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys</h3>
 942
 943 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid
 944 keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with
 945 invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.</p>
 946
 947 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward
 948 sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a
 949 message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says "Enigmail: Part of
 950 this message encrypted."</p>
 951
 952 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program
 953 will warn you there if you get an email signed with a key that can't
 954 be trusted.</b></p>
 955
 956 </div><!-- End .main -->
 957 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
 958
 959 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 960 <div id="step-5c" class="step">
 961 <div class="main">
 962
 963 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe</h3>
 964
 965 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate
 966 that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital
 967 storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard
 968 drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with
 969 you regularly.</p>
 970
 971 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate
 972 file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.</p>
 973
 974 </div><!-- End .main -->
 975 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
 976
 977 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 978 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 979 <div class="main">
 980
 981 <h3><em>Important:</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key</h3>
 982
 983 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold
 984 of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's
 985 important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses
 986 it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This
 987 guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these <a
 988 href="https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions</a>.
 989 After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone
 990 with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy
 991 of your new key.</p>
 992
 993 </div><!-- End .main -->
 994 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 995
 996 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 997 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
 998 <div class="main">
 999
1000 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
1001
1002 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a
1003 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/keyman.php">key management
1004 window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read
1005 your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export
1006 your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a
1007 href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a>
1008 the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
1009
1010 </div>--><!-- End .main
1011 </div> End #transfer-key .step-->
1012
1013 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1014 <div id="webmail-and-GnuPG" class="step">
1015 <div class="main">
1016
1017 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG</h3>
1018
1019 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail,
1020 an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop
1021 email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt
1022 encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you
1023 primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive
1024 a scrambled email.</p>
1025
1026 </div><!-- End .main -->
1027 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
1028
1029 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~
1030 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
1031 <div class="main">
1032
1033 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
1034
1035 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then
1036 compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just
1037 set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide
1038 and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a
1039 href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
1040
1041 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone
1042 would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website,
1043 or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our
1044 <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our
1045 culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an
1046 email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
1047
1048 </div>--><!-- End .main
1049 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
1050 </div></section><!-- End #section5 -->
1051
1052 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1053 <section class="row" id="section6">
1054 <div id="step-click_here" class="step">
1055 <div class="main">
1056
1057 <h2><a href="next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.</a></h2>
1058
1059 </div><!-- End .main -->
1060 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
1061 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
1062
1063 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1064 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
1065 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
1066 <section class="row" id="faq"><div>
1067 <div class="sidebar">
1068
1069 <h2>FAQ</h2>
1070
1071 </div>
1072 <div class="main">
1073
1074 <dl>
1075 <dt>My key expired</dt>
1076 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1077
1078 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
1079 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1080
1081 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my
1082 default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
1083 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1084 </dl>
1085
1086 </div>
1087 </div>
1088 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
1089
1090 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1091 <footer class="row" id="footer"><div>
1092 <div id="copyright">
1093
1094 <h4><a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
1095 alt="Free Software Foundation"
1096 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
1097
1098 <p>Copyright &copy; 2014-2016 <a
1099 href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc. <a
1100 href="https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy</a>. Please
1101 support our work by <a href="https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate
1102 member.</a></p>
1103
1104 <p>The images on this page are under a <a
1105 href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
1106 Attribution 4.0 license (or later version)</a>, and the rest of it is under
1107 a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons
1108 Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license (or later version)</a>. Download the <a
1109 href="http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">
1110 source code of Edward reply bot</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht
1111 &lt;sudoman@ninthfloor.org&gt; and Josh Drake &lt;zamnedix@gnu.org&gt;,
1112 available under the GNU Affero General Public License. <a
1113 href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these
1114 licenses?</a></p>
1115
1116 <p>Fonts used in the guide &amp; infographic: <a
1117 href="https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis</a> by Pablo
1118 Impallari, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika</a>
1119 by Anna Giedry&#347;, <a
1120 href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo
1121 Narrow</a> by Omnibus-Type, <a
1122 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-2000</a>
1123 by Florian Cramer.</p>
1124
1125 <p>Download the <a href="emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package</a>
1126 for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's
1127 messages.</p>
1128
1129 <p>This site uses the Weblabels standard for labeling <a
1130 href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/freejs">free JavaScript</a>. View
1131 the JavaScript <a href="//weblabels.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/"
1132 rel="jslicense">source code and license information</a>.</p>
1133
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1135
1136 <p class="credits">Infographic and guide design by <a rel="external"
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