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23 <h1>Email Self-Defense
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84 <div class=
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86 <p>We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as
87 in freedom) software. Resisting bulk surveillance is very important to us.
</p>
89 <p><strong>Please donate to support Email Self-Defense. We need to keep
90 improving it, and making more materials, for the benefit of people around
91 the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.
</strong></p>
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108 Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech
109 risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill: email
110 encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive emails
111 that are scrambled to make sure a surveillance agent or thief intercepting
112 your email can't read them. All you need is a computer with an Internet
113 connection, an email account, and about forty minutes.
</p>
115 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy
116 of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance
117 systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company;
118 these are the same tools that whistleblowers use to protect their identities
119 while shining light on human rights abuses, corruption and other crimes.
</p>
121 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up
122 to surveillance requires fighting politically for a
<a
123 href=
"http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction
124 in the amount of data collected on us
</a>, but the essential first step is
125 to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult
126 as possible. This guide helps you do that. It is designed for beginners, but
127 if you already know the basics of GnuPG or are an experienced free software
128 user, you'll enjoy the advanced tips and the
<a href=
"workshops.html">guide
129 to teaching your friends
</a>.
</p>
131 </div><!-- End .intro -->
132 </div></header><!-- End #header -->
134 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces ~~~~~~~~~ -->
135 <section class=
"row" id=
"section1"><div>
137 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
138 <div class=
"section-intro">
140 <h2><em>#
1</em> Get the pieces
</h2>
142 <p class=
"notes">This guide relies on software which is
<a
143 href=
"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">freely licensed
</a>; it's
144 completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their own version. This
145 makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary software (like Mac OS). To
146 defend your freedom as well as protect yourself from surveillance, we recommend
147 you switch to a free software operating system like GNU/Linux. Learn more
148 about free software at
<a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org
</a>.
</p>
150 <p>To get started, you'll need the IceDove desktop email program installed
151 on your computer. For your system, IceDove may be known by the alternate name
152 "Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to access the same email accounts
153 you can access in a browser (like Gmail), but provide extra features.
</p>
155 <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to
<a
156 href=
"#step-1b">Step
1.b
</a>.
</p>
158 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
160 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
161 <div id=
"step-1a" class=
"step">
162 <div class=
"sidebar">
165 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png"
166 alt=
"Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
168 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
171 <h3><em>Step
1.a
</em> Set up your email program with your email account
</h3>
173 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough)
174 that sets it up with your email account.
</p>
176 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
177 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
179 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
182 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch
</dt>
183 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is
184 named differently in each email programs. The button to launch it will be in
185 the program's main menu, under
"New" or something similar, titled something
186 like
"Add account" or
"New/Existing email account."</dd>
188 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail
</dt>
189 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people
190 who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.
</dd>
192 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
193 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
194 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
198 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
199 </div><!-- End .main -->
200 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
202 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
203 <div id=
"step-1b" class=
"step">
206 <h3><em>Step
1.b
</em> Get GnuPG by downloading GPGTools
</h3>
208 <p>GPGTools is a software package that includes GnuPG.
<a
209 href=
"https://gpgtools.org/#gpgsuite">Download
</a> and install it, choosing
210 default options whenever asked. After it's installed, you can close any
211 windows that it creates.
</p>
213 </div><!-- End .main -->
214 </div><!-- End #step1-b .step -->
216 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
217 <div id=
"step-1c" class=
"step">
218 <div class=
"sidebar">
222 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png"
223 alt=
"Step 1.C: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
225 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png"
226 alt=
"Step 1.C: Search Add-ons" /></li>
228 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png"
229 alt=
"Step 1.C: Install Add-ons" /></li>
232 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
235 <h3><em>Step
1.c
</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program
</h3>
237 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools
238 section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail? If
239 so, skip this step.
</p>
241 <p>If not, search
"Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You
242 can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.
</p>
244 <p>Enigmail versions prior to
2.0.6 have serious security issues. Make sure to install version
2.0.6 or later. The current version is
2.0.6.1.
</p>
246 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
247 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
249 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
252 <dt>I can't find the menu.
</dt>
253 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of
254 three stacked horizontal bars.
</dd>
256 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
257 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
258 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
262 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
263 </div><!-- End .main -->
264 </div><!-- End #step-1c .step -->
265 </div></section><!-- End #section1 -->
267 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys ~~~~~~~~~ -->
268 <section class=
"row" id=
"section2"><div>
270 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
271 <div class=
"section-intro">
273 <h2><em>#
2</em> Make your keys
</h2>
275 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known
276 together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers
277 and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked
278 together by a special mathematical function.
</p>
280 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open
281 in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it,
282 along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the
283 keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can
284 look up your public key.
</p>
286 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to
287 yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to
288 descramble encrypted emails other people send to you.
<span style=
"font-weight:
289 bold;">You should never share you private key with anyone, under any
290 circumstances.
</span></p>
292 <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to
293 sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll
294 discuss this more in the next section.
</p>
296 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
298 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
299 <div id=
"step-2a" class=
"step">
300 <div class=
"sidebar">
303 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png"
304 alt=
"Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
306 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
309 <h3><em>Step
2.a
</em> Make a keypair
</h3>
311 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select
312 Enigmail
→ Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need
313 to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's
314 good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with
315 the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed
316 in the order they appear:
</p>
319 <li>On the screen titled
"Encryption," select
"Encrypt all of my messages
320 by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
322 <li>On the screen titled
"Signing," select
"Don't sign my messages by
325 <li>On the screen titled
"Key Selection," select
"I want to create a new
326 key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
328 <li>On the screen titled
"Create Key," pick a strong password! You can
329 do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually
330 is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires
331 dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers figure
332 out. To use it, read the section
"Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in
<a
333 href=
"https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">this
334 article
</a> by Micah Lee.
</li>
337 <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something
338 you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes
339 at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or
340 punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use
341 any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names,
342 song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.
</p>
344 <p class=
"notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next
345 step, the
"Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your
346 computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the
347 computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.
</p>
349 <p><span style=
"font-weight: bold;">When the
"Key Generation Completed" screen
350 pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on
351 your computer (we recommend making a folder called
"Revocation Certificate"
352 in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your
353 email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in
<a href=
"#section5">Section
356 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
357 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
359 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
362 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.
</dt>
363 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image
364 of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called
367 <dt>My email looks weird
</dt>
368 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
369 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
370 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
371 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
374 <dt>More resources
</dt>
375 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
376 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
377 href=
"https://enigmail.wiki/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">Enigmail's
378 wiki instructions for key generation
</a>.
</dd>
380 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
381 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
382 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
386 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
388 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
389 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
394 <dt>Command line key generation
</dt>
395 <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher
396 degree of control, you can follow the documentation from
<a
397 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy
398 Handbook
</a>. Make sure you stick with
"RSA and RSA" (the default),
399 because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation
400 recommends. Also make sure your key is at least
2048 bits, or
4096 if you
401 want to be extra secure.
</dd>
403 <dt>Advanced key pairs
</dt>
404 <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes
405 the encryption function from the signing function through
<a
406 href=
"https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys
</a>. If you use
407 subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more
408 secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly.
<a
409 href=
"https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal
</a>
410 and
<a href=
"http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki
</a>
411 provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.
</dd>
414 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
415 </div><!-- End .main -->
416 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step -->
418 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
419 <div id=
"step-2b" class=
"step">
422 <h3><em>Step
2.b
</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver
</h3>
424 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail
→ Key Management.
</p>
426 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. Use
427 the default keyserver in the popup.
</p>
429 <p class=
"notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can
430 download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers
431 that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies
432 of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes
433 takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.
</p>
435 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
436 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
438 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
441 <dt>The progress bar never finishes
</dt>
442 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet,
443 and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different
446 <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list
</dt>
447 <dd>Try checking
"Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
449 <dt>More documentation
</dt>
450 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
451 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
452 href=
"https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/quickstart-ch2.php#id2533620">Enigmail's
453 documentation
</a>.
</dd>
455 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
456 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
457 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
461 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
463 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
464 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
469 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line
</dt>
470 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the
<a
471 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line
</a>.
<a
472 href=
"https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site
</a>
473 maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also
<a
474 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export
475 your key
</a> as a file on your computer.
</dd>
478 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
479 </div><!-- End .main -->
480 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step -->
482 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
483 <div id=
"terminology" class=
"step">
486 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?
</h3>
488 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP
489 are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the
490 encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG)
491 is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program
492 for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.
</p>
494 </div><!-- End .main -->
495 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
496 </div></section><!-- End #section2 -->
498 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out ~~~~~~~~~ -->
499 <section class=
"row" id=
"section3"><div>
501 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
502 <div class=
"section-intro">
504 <h2><em>#
3</em> Try it out!
</h2>
506 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward,
507 who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same
508 steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.
</p>
510 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he
511 may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about
512 this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without
513 testing with Edward.</p> -->
514 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
516 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
517 <div id=
"step-3a" class=
"step">
518 <div class=
"sidebar">
521 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png"
522 alt=
"Try it out." /></p>
524 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
527 <h3><em>Step
3.a
</em> Send Edward your public key
</h3>
529 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding
530 with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail
→ Key
531 Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click
532 on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new
533 draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.
</p>
535 <p>Address the message to
<a
536 href=
"mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org
</a>. Put at least one word
537 (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.
</p>
539 <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
540 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
541 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
542 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
543 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.
</p>
545 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
546 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
547 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded,
548 head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as
549 when corresponding with a real person.
</p>
551 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password
552 before using your private key to decrypt it.
</p>
554 </div><!-- End .main -->
555 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
557 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
558 <div id=
"step-3b" class=
"step">
561 <h3><em>Step
3.b
</em> Send a test encrypted email
</h3>
563 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to
<a
564 href=
"mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org
</a>. Make the subject
565 "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.
</p>
567 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning
568 encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.
</p>
570 <p class=
"notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll
571 get to this in a moment.
</p>
573 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says
"Recipients not valid,
574 not trusted or not found."</p>
576 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have
577 Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use
578 the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds
579 keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select
580 ok in the next pop-up.
</p>
582 <p>Now you are back at the
"Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found"
583 screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.
</p>
585 <p class=
"notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key,
586 Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with
587 his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.
</p>
589 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
590 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
592 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
595 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key
</dt>
596 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure
597 you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat
598 the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.
</dd>
600 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder
</dt>
601 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key,
602 your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key,
603 which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This
604 is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.
</dd>
606 <dt>More resources
</dt>
607 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our
608 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
609 href=
"https://enigmail.wiki/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">Enigmail's
612 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
613 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
614 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
618 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
620 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
621 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
626 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line
</dt>
627 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the
<a
628 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line
</a>,
629 if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output
630 appear in the regular character set.
</dd>
633 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
634 </div><!-- End .main -->
635 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
637 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
638 <div id=
"step-headers_unencrypted" class=
"step">
641 <h3><em>Important:
</em> Security tips
</h3>
643 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so
644 don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses
645 aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who
646 you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're
647 using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you
648 send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not,
649 independent of the actual email.
</p>
651 <p>For greater security against potential attacks, you can turn off
652 HTML. Instead, you can render the message body as plain text.
</p>
654 </div><!-- End .main -->
655 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
657 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
658 <div id=
"step-3c" class=
"step">
661 <h3><em>Step
3.c
</em> Receive a response
</h3>
663 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt
664 it, then use your public key (which you sent him in
<a href=
"#step-3a">Step
665 3.A
</a>) to encrypt his reply to you.
</p>
667 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
668 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
669 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide.
</p>
671 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will automatically
672 detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and then it will use your
673 private key to decrypt it.
</p>
675 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with information
676 about the status of Edward's key.
</p>
678 </div><!-- End .main -->
679 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
681 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
682 <div id=
"step-3d" class=
"step">
685 <h3><em>Step
3.d
</em> Send a test signed email
</h3>
687 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that
688 they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These
689 signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible
690 to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key
691 (another reason to keep your private key safe).
</p>
693 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people
694 aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If
695 they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your
696 signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your
697 signature is authentic.
</p>
699 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the
700 pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a
701 message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message,
702 because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.
</p>
704 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will
705 be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.
</p>
710 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
711 <div id=
"step-3e" class=
"step">
714 <h3><em>Step
3.e
</em> Receive a response
</h3>
716 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which you
717 sent him in
<a href=
"#step-3a">Step
3.A
</a>) to verify that your signature
718 is authentic and the message you sent has not been tampered with.
</p>
720 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
721 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
722 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide.
</p>
724 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption
725 whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say
726 "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted,
727 he will mention that first.
</p>
729 </div><!-- End .main -->
730 </div><!-- End #step-3e .step -->
733 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust ~~~~~~~~~ -->
734 <section class=
"row" id=
"section4"><div>
736 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
737 <div class=
"section-intro">
739 <h2><em>#
4</em> Learn the Web of Trust
</h2>
741 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness;
742 it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually
743 theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making
744 an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and
745 impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that
746 developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.
</p>
748 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified
749 that it belongs to them and not someone else.
</p>
751 <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical
752 operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice
753 to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you
754 may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.
</p>
756 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've
757 used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You
758 can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from
759 people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users,
760 connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.
</p>
762 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
764 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
765 <div id=
"step-4a" class=
"step">
766 <div class=
"sidebar">
769 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png"
770 alt=
"Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
772 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
775 <h3><em>Step
4.a
</em> Sign a key
</h3>
777 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail
→ Key Management.
</p>
779 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context
782 <p>In the window that pops up, select
"I will not answer" and click ok.
</p>
784 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver
→
785 Upload Public Keys and hit ok.
</p>
787 <p class=
"notes">You've just effectively said
"I trust that Edward's public
788 key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't
789 a real person, but it's good practice.
</p>
791 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
793 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi"
796 <p><strong>From:</strong><input type="text" placeholder="xD41A008"
799 <p><strong>To:</strong><input type="text" placeholder="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
801 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"><input
802 type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
806 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
807 </div><!-- End .main -->
808 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
810 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
811 <div id=
"step-identify_keys" class=
"step">
814 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs
</h3>
816 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint,
817 which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8
818 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and
819 other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail
→ Key
820 Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key
821 and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint
822 wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that
823 they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.
</p>
825 <p class=
"notes">You may also see public keys referred to by their key ID,
826 which is simply the last eight digits of the fingerprint, like C09A61E8 for
827 Edward. The key ID is visible directly from the Key Management window. This
828 key ID is like a person's first name (it is a useful shorthand but may not be
829 unique to a given key), whereas the fingerprint actually identifies the key
830 uniquely without the possibility of confusion. If you only have the key ID,
831 you can still look up the key (as well as its fingerprint), like you did in
832 Step
3, but if multiple options appear, you'll need the fingerprint of the
833 person to whom you are trying to communicate to verify which one to use.
</p>
835 </div><!-- End .main -->
836 </div><!-- End #step-identify_keys .step-->
838 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
839 <div id=
"check-ids-before-signing" class=
"step">
842 <h3><em>Important:
</em> What to consider when signing keys
</h3>
844 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually
845 belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this
846 confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over
847 time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing
848 a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter
849 key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just
850 met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make
851 sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail,
852 answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks
"How carefully have you
853 verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s)
856 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
857 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
862 <dt>Master the Web of Trust
</dt>
863 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way
<a
864 href=
"http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people
865 think
</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply
<a
866 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand
</a> the Web of
867 Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.
</dd>
869 <dt>Set ownertrust
</dt>
870 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign
871 them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right
872 click on the other person's key, go to the
"Select Owner Trust" menu option,
873 select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a
874 deep understanding of the Web of Trust.
</dd>
877 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
878 </div><!-- End .main -->
879 </div><!-- End #check-ids-before-signing .step-->
880 </div></section><!-- End #section4 -->
882 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well ~~~~~~~~~ -->
883 <section id=
"section5" class=
"row"><div>
885 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
886 <div class=
"section-intro">
888 <h2><em>#
5</em> Use it well
</h2>
890 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow
891 some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you
892 risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own,
893 and damage the Web of Trust.
</p>
895 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
897 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
898 <div id=
"step-5a" class=
"step">
899 <div class=
"sidebar">
902 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png"
903 alt=
"Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
905 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
908 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?
</h3>
910 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt
911 emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for
912 surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people
913 doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only
914 encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it
915 makes bulk surveillance more difficult.
</p>
917 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other
918 protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or
919 not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify
920 that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind
921 everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you
922 often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's
923 nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature
924 (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).
</p>
926 </div><!-- End .main -->
927 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
929 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
930 <div id=
"step-5b" class=
"step">
931 <div class=
"sidebar">
934 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png"
935 alt=
"Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
937 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
940 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys
</h3>
942 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid
943 keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with
944 invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.
</p>
946 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward
947 sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a
948 message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says
"Enigmail: Part of
949 this message encrypted."</p>
951 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program
952 will warn you there if you get an email signed with a key that can't
955 </div><!-- End .main -->
956 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
958 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
959 <div id=
"step-5c" class=
"step">
962 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe
</h3>
964 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate
965 that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital
966 storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard
967 drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with
970 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate
971 file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.
</p>
973 </div><!-- End .main -->
974 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
976 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
977 <div id=
"step-lost_key" class=
"step">
980 <h3><em>Important:
</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key
</h3>
982 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold
983 of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's
984 important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses
985 it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This
986 guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these
<a
987 href=
"https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions
</a>.
988 After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone
989 with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy
992 </div><!-- End .main -->
993 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
995 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
996 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
999 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
1001 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a
1002 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/keyman.php">key management
1003 window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read
1004 your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export
1005 your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a
1006 href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a>
1007 the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
1009 </div>--><!-- End .main
1010 </div> End #transfer-key .step-->
1012 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1013 <div id=
"webmail-and-GnuPG" class=
"step">
1016 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG
</h3>
1018 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail,
1019 an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop
1020 email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt
1021 encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you
1022 primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive
1023 a scrambled email.
</p>
1025 </div><!-- End .main -->
1026 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
1028 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~
1029 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
1032 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
1034 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then
1035 compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just
1036 set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide
1037 and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a
1038 href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
1040 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone
1041 would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website,
1042 or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our
1043 <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our
1044 culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an
1045 email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
1047 </div>--><!-- End .main
1048 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
1049 </div></section><!-- End #section5 -->
1051 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1052 <section class=
"row" id=
"section6">
1053 <div id=
"step-click_here" class=
"step">
1056 <h2><a href=
"next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.
</a></h2>
1058 </div><!-- End .main -->
1059 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
1060 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
1062 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1063 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
1064 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
1065 <section class="row" id="faq"><div>
1066 <div class="sidebar">
1074 <dt>My key expired</dt>
1075 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1077 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
1078 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1080 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my
1081 default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
1082 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1087 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
1089 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1090 <footer class=
"row" id=
"footer"><div>
1091 <div id=
"copyright">
1093 <h4><a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
1094 alt=
"Free Software Foundation"
1095 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
1097 <p>Copyright
© 2014-
2016 <a
1098 href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation
</a>, Inc.
<a
1099 href=
"https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy
</a>. Please
1100 support our work by
<a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate
1103 <p>The images on this page are under a
<a
1104 href=
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
1105 Attribution
4.0 license (or later version)
</a>, and the rest of it is under
1106 a
<a href=
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons
1107 Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 license (or later version)
</a>. Download the
<a
1108 href=
"http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">source
1109 code of Edward reply bot
</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht
1110 <sudoman@ninthfloor.org
> and Josh Drake
<zamnedix@gnu.org
>,
1111 available under the GNU Affero General Public License.
<a
1112 href=
"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these
1115 <p>Fonts used in the guide
& infographic:
<a
1116 href=
"https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis
</a> by Pablo
1117 Impallari,
<a href=
"http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika
</a>
1118 by Anna Giedry
ś,
<a
1119 href=
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1120 Narrow
</a> by Omnibus-Type,
<a
1121 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-
2000</a>
1122 by Florian Cramer.
</p>
1124 <p>Download the
<a href=
"emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package
</a>
1125 for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's
1128 <p>This site uses the Weblabels standard for labeling
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1129 href=
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</a>. View
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1131 rel=
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</p>
1133 </div><!-- /#copyright -->
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1145 <script type=
"text/javascript" >
1146 // @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:
1f739d935676111cfff4b4693e3816e664797050&dn=gpl-
3.0.txt GPL-v3-or-Later
1147 var pkBaseURL = ((
"https:" == document.location.protocol) ?
"https://piwik.fsf.org/" :
"http://piwik.fsf.org/");
1148 document.write(unescape(
"%3Cscript src='" + pkBaseURL +
"piwik.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
1150 var piwikTracker = Piwik.getTracker(pkBaseURL +
"piwik.php",
13);
1151 piwikTracker.trackPageView();
1152 piwikTracker.enableLinkTracking();
1155 </script><noscript><p><img src=
"//piwik.fsf.org/piwik.php?idsite=13" style=
"border:0" alt=
"" /></p></noscript>
1156 <!-- End Piwik Tracking Code -->