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   5 <title>Email Self-Defense - a guide to fighting surveillance with GnuPG
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  10 rights and makes free speech risky. This guide will teach you email
  11 self-defense in 40 minutes with GnuPG." />
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  23 <h1>Email Self-Defense</h1>
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  75 <p>We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as
  76 in freedom) software. Resisting bulk surveillance is very important to us.</p>
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  79 improving it, and making more materials, for the benefit of people around
  80 the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.</strong></p>
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  91 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Guide Introduction ~~~~~~~~~ -->
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  97 Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech
  98 risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill: email
  99 encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive emails
 100 that are scrambled to make sure a surveillance agent or thief intercepting
 101 your email can't read them. All you need is a computer with an Internet
 102 connection, an email account, and about forty minutes.</p>
 103
 104 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy
 105 of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance
 106 systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company;
 107 these are the same tools that whistleblowers use to protect their identities
 108 while shining light on human rights abuses, corruption and other crimes.</p>
 109
 110 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up
 111 to surveillance requires fighting politically for a <a
 112 href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction
 113 in the amount of data collected on us</a>, but the essential first step is
 114 to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult
 115 as possible. This guide helps you do that. It is designed for beginners, but
 116 if you already know the basics of GnuPG or are an experienced free software
 117 user, you'll enjoy the advanced tips and the <a href="workshops.html">guide
 118 to teaching your friends</a>.</p>
 119
 120 </div><!-- End .intro -->
 121 </div></header><!-- End #header -->
 122
 123 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 124 <section class="row" id="section1"><div>
 125
 126 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 127 <div class="section-intro">
 128
 129 <h2><em>#1</em> Get the pieces</h2>
 130
 131 <p class="notes">This guide relies on software which is <a
 132 href="https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">freely licensed</a>;
 133 it's completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their
 134 own version. This makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary
 135 software (like Windows). Learn more about free software at <a
 136 href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org</a>.</p>
 137
 138 <p>Most GNU/Linux operating systems come with GnuPG installed on them,
 139 so you don't have to download it. Before configuring GnuPG though, you'll
 140 need the IceDove desktop email program installed on your computer. Most
 141 GNU/Linux distributions have IceDove installed already, though it may be
 142 under the alternate name "Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to
 143 access the same email accounts you can access in a browser (like Gmail),
 144 but provide extra features.</p>
 145
 146 <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to <a
 147 href="#step-1b">Step 1.b</a>.</p>
 148
 149 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 150
 151 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 152 <div id="step-1a" class="step">
 153 <div class="sidebar">
 154
 155 <p><img
 156 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png"
 157 alt="Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
 158
 159 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 160 <div class="main">
 161
 162 <h3><em>Step 1.a</em> Set up your email program with your email account</h3>
 163
 164 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough)
 165 that sets it up with your email account.</p>
 166
 167 <p>Look for the letters SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS to the right of the servers
 168 when you're setting up your account. If you don't see them, you will still
 169 be able to use encryption, but this means that the people running your email
 170 system are running behind the industry standard in protecting your security
 171 and privacy. We recommend that you send them a friendly email asking them
 172 to enable SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS for your email server. They will know what
 173 you're talking about, so it's worth making the request even if you aren't
 174 an expert on these security systems.</p>
 175
 176 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 177 <div class="troubleshooting">
 178
 179 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 180
 181 <dl>
 182 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch</dt>
 183 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is
 184 named differently in each email program. The button to launch it will be in
 185 the program's main menu, under "New" or something similar, titled something
 186 like "Add account" or "New/Existing email account."</dd>
 187
 188 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail</dt>
 189 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people
 190 who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.</dd>
 191
 192 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 193 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 194 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 195 page</a>.</dd>
 196 </dl>
 197
 198 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 199 </div><!-- End .main -->
 200 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
 201
 202 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 203 <div id="step-1b" class="step">
 204 <div class="sidebar">
 205 <ul class="images">
 206 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png"
 207 alt="Step 1.B: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
 208 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png"
 209 alt="Step 1.B: Search Add-ons" /></li>
 210 <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png"
 211 alt="Step 1.B: Install Add-ons" /></li>
 212 </ul>
 213
 214 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 215 <div class="main">
 216
 217 <h3><em>Step 1.b</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program</h3>
 218
 219 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools
 220 section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail?
 221 Make sure it's the latest version. If so, skip this step.</p>
 222
 223 <p>If not, search "Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You
 224 can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.</p>
 225
 226 <p>There are major security flaws in versions of GnuPG prior to 2.2.8, and
 227 Enigmail prior to 2.0.7. Make sure you have GnuPG 2.2.8 and Enigmail 2.0.7,
 228 or later versions.</p>
 229
 230 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 231 <div class="troubleshooting">
 232
 233 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 234
 235 <dl>
 236 <dt>I can't find the menu.</dt>
 237 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of
 238 three stacked horizontal bars.</dd>
 239
 240 <dt>My email looks weird</dt>
 241 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
 242 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
 243 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
 244 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
 245 wasn't there.</dd>
 246
 247 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 248 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 249 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 250 page</a>.</dd>
 251 </dl>
 252
 253 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 254 </div><!-- End .main -->
 255 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
 256 </div></section><!-- End #section1 -->
 257
 258 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 259 <section class="row" id="section2"><div>
 260
 261 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 262 <div class="section-intro">
 263
 264 <h2><em>#2</em> Make your keys</h2>
 265
 266 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known
 267 together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers
 268 and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked
 269 together by a special mathematical function.</p>
 270
 271 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open
 272 in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it,
 273 along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the
 274 keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can
 275 look up your public key.</p>
 276
 277 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to
 278 yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to
 279 descramble encrypted emails other people send to you. <span style="font-weight:
 280 bold;">You should never share you private key with anyone, under any
 281 circumstances.</span></p>
 282
 283 <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to
 284 sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll
 285 discuss this more in the next section.</p>
 286
 287 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 288
 289 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 290 <div id="step-2a" class="step">
 291 <div class="sidebar">
 292
 293 <p><img
 294 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png"
 295 alt="Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
 296
 297 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 298 <div class="main">
 299
 300 <h3><em>Step 2.a</em> Make a keypair</h3>
 301
 302 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select
 303 Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need
 304 to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's
 305 good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with
 306 the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed
 307 in the order they appear:</p>
 308
 309 <ul>
 310 <li>On the screen titled "Encryption," select "Encrypt all of my messages
 311 by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
 312
 313 <li>On the screen titled "Signing," select "Don't sign my messages by
 314 default."</li>
 315
 316 <li>On the screen titled "Key Selection," select "I want to create a new
 317 key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
 318
 319 <li>On the screen titled "Create Key," pick a strong password! You can
 320 do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually
 321 is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires
 322 dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers to figure
 323 out. To use it, read the section "Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in <a
 324 href="https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">
 325 this article</a> by Micah Lee.</li>
 326 </ul>
 327
 328 <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something
 329 you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes
 330 at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or
 331 punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use
 332 any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names,
 333 song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.</p>
 334
 335 <p class="notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next
 336 step, the "Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your
 337 computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the
 338 computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.</p>
 339
 340 <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">When the "Key Generation Completed" screen
 341 pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on
 342 your computer (we recommend making a folder called "Revocation Certificate"
 343 in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your
 344 email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in <a href="#section5">Section
 345 5</a>.</span></p>
 346
 347 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 348 <div class="troubleshooting">
 349
 350 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 351
 352 <dl>
 353 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.</dt>
 354 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image
 355 of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called
 356 Tools.</dd>
 357
 358 <dt>The wizard says that it cannot find GnuPG.</dt>
 359 <dd>Open whatever program you usually use for installing software, and search
 360 for GnuPG, then install it. Then restart the Enigmail setup wizard by going
 361 to Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard.</dd>
 362
 363 <dt>My email looks weird</dt>
 364 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
 365 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
 366 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
 367 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
 368 wasn't there.</dd>
 369
 370 <dt>More resources</dt>
 371 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
 372 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 373 href="https://enigmail.wiki/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">
 374 Enigmail's wiki instructions for key generation</a>.</dd>
 375
 376 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 377 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 378 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 379 page</a>.</dd>
 380 </dl>
 381
 382 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 383
 384 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 385 <div class="troubleshooting">
 386
 387 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 388
 389 <dl>
 390 <dt>Command line key generation</dt>
 391 <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher
 392 degree of control, you can follow the documentation from <a
 393 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy
 394 Handbook</a>. Make sure you stick with "RSA and RSA" (the default),
 395 because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation
 396 recommends. Also make sure your key is at least 2048 bits, or 4096 if you
 397 want to be extra secure.</dd>
 398
 399 <dt>Advanced key pairs</dt>
 400 <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes
 401 the encryption function from the signing function through <a
 402 href="https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys</a>. If you use
 403 subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more
 404 secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly. <a
 405 href="https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal</a>
 406 and <a href="http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki</a>
 407 provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.</dd>
 408 </dl>
 409
 410 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 411 </div><!-- End .main -->
 412 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step -->
 413
 414 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 415 <div id="step-2b" class="step">
 416 <div class="main">
 417
 418 <h3><em>Step 2.b</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver</h3>
 419
 420 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 421
 422 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. Use
 423 the default keyserver in the popup.</p>
 424
 425 <p class="notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can
 426 download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers
 427 that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies
 428 of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes
 429 takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.</p>
 430
 431 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 432 <div class="troubleshooting">
 433
 434 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 435
 436 <dl>
 437 <dt>The progress bar never finishes</dt>
 438 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet,
 439 and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different
 440 keyserver.</dd>
 441
 442 <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list</dt>
 443 <dd>Try checking "Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
 444
 445 <dt>More documentation</dt>
 446 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
 447 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 448 href="https://www.enigmail.net/index.php/en/documentation">
 449 Enigmail's documentation</a>.</dd>
 450
 451 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 452 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 453 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 454 page</a>.</dd>
 455 </dl>
 456
 457 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 458
 459 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 460 <div class="troubleshooting">
 461
 462 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 463
 464 <dl>
 465 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line</dt>
 466 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the <a
 467 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line</a>. <a
 468 href="https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site</a>
 469 maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also <a
 470 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export
 471 your key</a> as a file on your computer.</dd>
 472 </dl>
 473
 474 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 475 </div><!-- End .main -->
 476 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step -->
 477
 478 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 479 <div id="terminology" class="step">
 480 <div class="main">
 481
 482 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?</h3>
 483
 484 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP
 485 are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the
 486 encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG)
 487 is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program
 488 for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.</p>
 489
 490 </div><!-- End .main -->
 491 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
 492 </div></section><!-- End #section2 -->
 493
 494 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 495 <section class="row" id="section3"><div>
 496
 497 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 498 <div class="section-intro">
 499
 500 <h2><em>#3</em> Try it out!</h2>
 501
 502 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward,
 503 who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same
 504 steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.</p>
 505
 506 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he
 507 may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about
 508 this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without
 509 testing with Edward.</p> -->
 510 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 511
 512 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 513 <div id="step-3a" class="step">
 514 <div class="sidebar">
 515
 516 <p><img
 517 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png"
 518 alt="Try it out." /></p>
 519
 520 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 521 <div class="main">
 522
 523 <h3><em>Step 3.a</em> Send Edward your public key</h3>
 524
 525 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding
 526 with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key
 527 Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click
 528 on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new
 529 draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.</p>
 530
 531 <p>Address the message to <a
 532 href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Put at least one word
 533 (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.</p>
 534
 535 <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
 536 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
 537 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
 538 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
 539 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.</p>
 540
 541 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 542 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 543 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded,
 544 head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as
 545 when corresponding with a real person.</p>
 546
 547 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password
 548 before using your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 549
 550 </div><!-- End .main -->
 551 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
 552
 553 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 554 <div id="step-3b" class="step">
 555 <div class="main">
 556
 557 <h3><em>Step 3.b</em> Send a test encrypted email</h3>
 558
 559 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to <a
 560 href="mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org</a>. Make the subject
 561 "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.</p>
 562
 563 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning
 564 encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.</p>
 565
 566 <p class="notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll
 567 get to this in a moment.</p>
 568
 569 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says "Recipients not valid,
 570 not trusted or not found."</p>
 571
 572 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have
 573 Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use
 574 the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds
 575 keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select
 576 ok in the next pop-up.</p>
 577
 578 <p>Now you are back at the "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found"
 579 screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.</p>
 580
 581 <p class="notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key,
 582 Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with
 583 his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.</p>
 584
 585 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 586 <div class="troubleshooting">
 587
 588 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 589
 590 <dl>
 591 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key</dt>
 592 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure
 593 you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat
 594 the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.</dd>
 595
 596 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder</dt>
 597 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key,
 598 your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key,
 599 which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This
 600 is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.</dd>
 601
 602 <dt>More resources</dt>
 603 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our
 604 instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a
 605 href="https://enigmail.wiki/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">
 606 Enigmail's wiki</a>.</dd>
 607
 608 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 609 <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a
 610 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
 611 page</a>.</dd>
 612 </dl>
 613
 614 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 615
 616 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 617 <div class="troubleshooting">
 618
 619 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 620
 621 <dl>
 622 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line</dt>
 623 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the <a
 624 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line</a>,
 625 if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output
 626 appear in the regular character set.</dd>
 627 </dl>
 628
 629 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 630 </div><!-- End .main -->
 631 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
 632
 633 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 634 <div id="step-headers_unencrypted" class="step">
 635 <div class="main">
 636
 637 <h3><em>Important:</em> Security tips</h3>
 638
 639 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so
 640 don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses
 641 aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who
 642 you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're
 643 using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you
 644 send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not,
 645 independent of the actual email.</p>
 646
 647 <p>For greater security against potential attacks, you can turn off
 648 HTML. Instead, you can render the message body as plain text. In order
 649 to do this in Thunderbird, go to View &gt; Message Body As &gt; Plain
 650 Text.</p>
 651
 652 </div><!-- End .main -->
 653 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
 654
 655 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 656 <div id="step-3c" class="step">
 657 <div class="main">
 658
 659 <h3><em>Step 3.c</em> Receive a response</h3>
 660
 661 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt
 662 it, then use your public key (which you sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step
 663 3.A</a>) to encrypt his reply to you.</p>
 664
 665 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 666 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 667 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 668
 669 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will automatically
 670 detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and then it will use your
 671 private key to decrypt it.</p>
 672
 673 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with information
 674 about the status of Edward's key.</p>
 675
 676 </div><!-- End .main -->
 677 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
 678
 679 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 680 <div id="step-3d" class="step">
 681 <div class="main">
 682
 683 <h3><em>Step 3.d</em> Send a test signed email</h3>
 684
 685 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that
 686 they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These
 687 signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible
 688 to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key
 689 (another reason to keep your private key safe).</p>
 690
 691 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people
 692 aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If
 693 they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your
 694 signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your
 695 signature is authentic.</p>
 696
 697 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the
 698 pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a
 699 message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message,
 700 because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.</p>
 701
 702 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will
 703 be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.</p>
 704
 705 </div>
 706 </div>
 707
 708 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 709 <div id="step-3e" class="step">
 710 <div class="main">
 711
 712 <h3><em>Step 3.e</em> Receive a response</h3>
 713
 714 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which you
 715 sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step 3.A</a>) to verify that your signature
 716 is authentic and the message you sent has not been tampered with.</p>
 717
 718 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
 719 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a
 720 href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 721
 722 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption
 723 whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say
 724 "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted,
 725 he will mention that first.</p>
 726
 727 </div><!-- End .main -->
 728 </div><!-- End #step-3e .step -->
 729 </div></section>
 730
 731 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 732 <section class="row" id="section4"><div>
 733
 734 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 735 <div class="section-intro">
 736
 737 <h2><em>#4</em> Learn the Web of Trust</h2>
 738
 739 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness;
 740 it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually
 741 theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making
 742 an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and
 743 impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that
 744 developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.</p>
 745
 746 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified
 747 that it belongs to them and not someone else.</p>
 748
 749 <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical
 750 operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice
 751 to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you
 752 may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.</p>
 753
 754 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've
 755 used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You
 756 can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from
 757 people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users,
 758 connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.</p>
 759
 760 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 761
 762 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 763 <div id="step-4a" class="step">
 764 <div class="sidebar">
 765
 766 <p><img
 767 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png"
 768 alt="Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
 769
 770 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 771 <div class="main">
 772
 773 <h3><em>Step 4.a</em> Sign a key</h3>
 774
 775 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 776
 777 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context
 778 menu.</p>
 779
 780 <p>In the window that pops up, select "I will not answer" and click ok.</p>
 781
 782 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver &rarr;
 783 Upload Public Keys and hit ok.</p>
 784
 785 <p class="notes">You've just effectively said "I trust that Edward's public
 786 key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't
 787 a real person, but it's good practice.</p>
 788
 789 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
 790
 791 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi"
 792 method="get">
 793
 794 <p><strong>From:</strong><input type="text" value="xD41A008"
 795 name="FROM"></p>
 796
 797 <p><strong>To:</strong><input type="text" value="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
 798
 799 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"><input
 800 type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
 801
 802 </form>
 803
 804 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
 805 </div><!-- End .main -->
 806 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
 807
 808 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 809 <div id="step-identify_keys" class="step">
 810 <div class="main">
 811
 812 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs</h3>
 813
 814 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint,
 815 which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8
 816 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and
 817 other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail &rarr; Key
 818 Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key
 819 and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint
 820 wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that
 821 they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.</p>
 822
 823 <p class="notes">You may also see public keys referred to by a shorter
 824 key ID. This key ID is visible directly from the Key Management
 825 window. These eight character key IDs were previously used for
 826 identification, which used to be safe, but is no longer reliable. You
 827 need to check the full fingerprint as part of verifying you have the
 828 correct key for the person you are trying to contact. Spoofing, in
 829 which someone intentionally generates a key with a fingerprint whose
 830 final eight characters are the same as another, is unfortunately
 831 common.</p>
 832
 833 </div><!-- End .main -->
 834 </div><!-- End #step-identify_keys .step-->
 835
 836 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 837 <div id="check-ids-before-signing" class="step">
 838 <div class="main">
 839
 840 <h3><em>Important:</em> What to consider when signing keys</h3>
 841
 842 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually
 843 belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this
 844 confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over
 845 time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing
 846 a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter
 847 key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just
 848 met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make
 849 sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail,
 850 answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks "How carefully have you
 851 verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s)
 852 named above?"</p>
 853
 854 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 855 <div class="troubleshooting">
 856
 857 <h4>Advanced</h4>
 858
 859 <dl>
 860 <dt>Master the Web of Trust</dt>
 861 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way <a
 862 href="http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people
 863 think</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply <a
 864 href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand</a> the Web of
 865 Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.</dd>
 866
 867 <dt>Set ownertrust</dt>
 868 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign
 869 them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right
 870 click on the other person's key, go to the "Select Owner Trust" menu option,
 871 select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a
 872 deep understanding of the Web of Trust.</dd>
 873 </dl>
 874
 875 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 876 </div><!-- End .main -->
 877 </div><!-- End #check-ids-before-signing .step-->
 878 </div></section><!-- End #section4 -->
 879
 880 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 881 <section id="section5" class="row"><div>
 882
 883 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 884 <div class="section-intro">
 885
 886 <h2><em>#5</em> Use it well</h2>
 887
 888 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow
 889 some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you
 890 risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own,
 891 and damage the Web of Trust.</p>
 892
 893 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 894
 895 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 896 <div id="step-5a" class="step">
 897 <div class="sidebar">
 898
 899 <p><img
 900 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png"
 901 alt="Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
 902
 903 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 904 <div class="main">
 905
 906 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?</h3>
 907
 908 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt
 909 emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for
 910 surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people
 911 doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only
 912 encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it
 913 makes bulk surveillance more difficult.</p>
 914
 915 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other
 916 protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or
 917 not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify
 918 that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind
 919 everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you
 920 often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's
 921 nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature
 922 (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).</p>
 923
 924 </div><!-- End .main -->
 925 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
 926
 927 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 928 <div id="step-5b" class="step">
 929 <div class="sidebar">
 930
 931 <p><img
 932 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png"
 933 alt="Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
 934
 935 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 936 <div class="main">
 937
 938 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys</h3>
 939
 940 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid
 941 keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with
 942 invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.</p>
 943
 944 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward
 945 sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a
 946 message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says "Enigmail: Part of
 947 this message encrypted."</p>
 948
 949 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program
 950 will warn you there if you get an email signed with a key that can't
 951 be trusted.</b></p>
 952
 953 </div><!-- End .main -->
 954 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
 955
 956 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 957 <div id="step-5c" class="step">
 958 <div class="main">
 959
 960 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe</h3>
 961
 962 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate
 963 that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital
 964 storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard
 965 drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with
 966 you regularly.</p>
 967
 968 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate
 969 file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.</p>
 970
 971 </div><!-- End .main -->
 972 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
 973
 974 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 975 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 976 <div class="main">
 977
 978 <h3><em>Important:</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key</h3>
 979
 980 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold
 981 of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's
 982 important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses
 983 it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This
 984 guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these <a
 985 href="https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions</a>.
 986 After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone
 987 with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy
 988 of your new key.</p>
 989
 990 </div><!-- End .main -->
 991 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 992
 993 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 994 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
 995 <div class="main">
 996
 997 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
 998
 999 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a
1000 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/keyman.php">key management
1001 window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read
1002 your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export
1003 your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a
1004 href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a>
1005 the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
1006
1007 </div>--><!-- End .main
1008 </div> End #transfer-key .step-->
1009
1010 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1011 <div id="webmail-and-GnuPG" class="step">
1012 <div class="main">
1013
1014 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG</h3>
1015
1016 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail,
1017 an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop
1018 email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt
1019 encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you
1020 primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive
1021 a scrambled email.</p>
1022
1023 </div><!-- End .main -->
1024 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
1025
1026 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~
1027 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
1028 <div class="main">
1029
1030 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
1031
1032 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then
1033 compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just
1034 set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide
1035 and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a
1036 href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
1037
1038 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone
1039 would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website,
1040 or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our
1041 <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our
1042 culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an
1043 email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
1044
1045 </div>--><!-- End .main
1046 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
1047 </div></section><!-- End #section5 -->
1048
1049 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1050 <section class="row" id="section6">
1051 <div id="step-click_here" class="step">
1052 <div class="main">
1053
1054 <h2><a href="next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.</a></h2>
1055
1056 </div><!-- End .main -->
1057 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
1058 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
1059
1060 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1061 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
1062 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
1063 <section class="row" id="faq"><div>
1064 <div class="sidebar">
1065
1066 <h2>FAQ</h2>
1067
1068 </div>
1069 <div class="main">
1070
1071 <dl>
1072 <dt>My key expired</dt>
1073 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1074
1075 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
1076 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1077
1078 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my
1079 default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
1080 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1081 </dl>
1082
1083 </div>
1084 </div>
1085 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
1086
1087 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1088 <footer class="row" id="footer"><div>
1089 <div id="copyright">
1090
1091 <h4><a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
1092 alt="Free Software Foundation"
1093 src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
1094
1095 <p>Copyright &copy; 2014-2016 <a
1096 href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc. <a
1097 href="https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy</a>. Please
1098 support our work by <a href="https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate
1099 member.</a></p>
1100
1101 <p>The images on this page are under a <a
1102 href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
1103 Attribution 4.0 license (or later version)</a>, and the rest of it is under
1104 a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons
1105 Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license (or later version)</a>. Download the <a
1106 href="http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">
1107 source code of Edward reply bot</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht
1108 &lt;sudoman@ninthfloor.org&gt; and Josh Drake &lt;zamnedix@gnu.org&gt;,
1109 available under the GNU Affero General Public License. <a
1110 href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these
1111 licenses?</a></p>
1112
1113 <p>Fonts used in the guide &amp; infographic: <a
1114 href="https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis</a> by Pablo
1115 Impallari, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika</a>
1116 by Anna Giedry&#347;, <a
1117 href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo
1118 Narrow</a> by Omnibus-Type, <a
1119 href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-2000</a>
1120 by Florian Cramer.</p>
1121
1122 <p>Download the <a href="emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package</a>
1123 for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's
1124 messages.</p>
1125
1126 <p>This site uses the Weblabels standard for labeling <a
1127 href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/freejs">free JavaScript</a>. View
1128 the JavaScript <a href="//weblabels.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/"
1129 rel="jslicense">source code and license information</a>.</p>
1130
1131 </div><!-- /#copyright -->
1132
1133 <p class="credits">Infographic and guide design by <a rel="external"
1134 href="http://jplusplus.org"><strong>Journalism++</strong><img
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1136 alt="Journalism++" /></a></p><!-- /.credits -->
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