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   6                         <title>Email Self-Defense - a guide to fighting surveillance with GnuPG encryption</title>
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  21                           <h1>Email Self-Defense</h1>
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  78                                       We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as in freedom) software. Resisting bulk surveillance is very important to us.
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  82                                         We want to translate this guide into more languages, and make a version for encryption on mobile devices. Please donate, and help people around the world take the first step towards protecting their privacy with free software.
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  91                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Guide Introduction ~~~~~~~~~ -->
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  95                                         Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill: email encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive emails that are scrambed to make sure a surveillance agent or thief intercepting your email can't read it. All you need is a computer with an Internet connection, an email account, and about half an hour.</p>
  96
  97 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company; these are the same tools that Edward Snowden used to share his famous secrets about the NSA.</p>
  98
  99 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up to surveillance requires fighting politically for a <a href="http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction in the amount of data collected on us</a>, but the essential first step is to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult as possible. This guide helps you do that. If you're just starting out, don't worry about reading the "advanced" tips; they're completely non-essential to getting you up and running. Let's get started!</p>
 100
 101                                 </div><!-- End .intro -->
 102
 103                         </div>
 104                 </header><!-- End #header -->
 105
 106 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 107                 <section class="row" id="section1">
 108                         <div>
 109                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 110                                 <div class="section-intro">
 111                                                 <h2><em>#1</em> Get the pieces</h2>
 112 <p class="notes">This guide relies on software which is freely licensed; it's completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their own version. This makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary software (like Windows). Learn more about free software at <a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org</a>.</p>
 113
 114 <p>Most GNU/Linux operating systems come with GnuPG installed on them, so you don't have to download it. Before configuring GnuPG though, you'll need the IceDove desktop email program installed on your computer. Most GNU/Linux distributions have IceDove installed already, though it may be under the alternate name "Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to access the same email accounts you can access in a browser (like Gmail), but provide extra features.</p>
 115                         <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to <a href="#step-1b">Step 1.b</a>.</p>
 116                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 117
 118                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 119                                 <div id="step-1a" class="step">
 120                                         <div class="sidebar">
 121                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png" alt="Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
 122                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 123                                         <div class="main">
 124                                                 <h3><em>Step 1.a</em> Setup your email program with your email account</h3>
 125                                                 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough) that sets it up with your email account. Look for the letters SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS to the right of the servers when you're setting up your account. If you don't see them, you will still be able to use encryption, but this means that the people running your email system are running behind the industry standard in protecting your security and privacy. We recommend that you send them a friendly email asking them to enable SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS for your email server.</p>
 126
 127                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 128                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 129                                                         <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 130                                                         <dl>
 131                                                                 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch</dt>
 132                                                                         <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is named differently in each email programs. The button to launch it will be in the program's main menu, under "New" or something similar, titled something like "Add account" or "New/Existing email account."</dd>
 133                                                                 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail</dt>
 134                                                                         <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.</dd>
 135                                                                 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 136                                                                         <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback page</a>.</dd>
 137                                                         </dl>
 138                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 139
 140                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 141                                 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
 142
 143                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 144                                 <div id="step-1b" class="step">
 145                                         <div class="sidebar">
 146                                                 <ul class="images">
 147                                                         <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png" alt="Step 1.B: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
 148                                                         <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png" alt="Step 1.B: Search Add-ons" /></li>
 149                                                         <li><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png" alt="Step 1.B: Install Add-ons" /></li>
 150                                                 </ul>
 151                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 152                                         <div class="main">
 153                                                 <h3><em>Step 1.b</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program</h3>
 154                                                 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail? If so, skip this step.</p>
 155                                                 <p>If not, search "Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.</p>
 156                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 157                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 158                                                         <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 159                                                         <dl>
 160                                                                 <dt>I can't find the menu.</dt>
 161                                                                         <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of three stacked horizontal bars.</dd>
 162
 163                                                                 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 164                                                                         <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback page</a>.</dd>
 165                                                         </dl>
 166                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 167                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 168                                 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
 169
 170                                 <div id="step-1c" class="step">
 171                                         <div class="main">
 172                                                 <h3><em>Step 1.c</em> Gather dice</h3>
 173                                                 <p>In the next step, you will need to come up with a secure password. To do that, we recommend that you use dice. The process will be easier for you if you have five dice, but one die will also work.</p>
 174                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 175                                 </div><!-- End #step-1c .step -->
 176
 177
 178                         </div>
 179                 </section><!-- End #section1 -->
 180
 181 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 182                 <section class="row" id="section2">
 183                         <div>
 184                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 185                                 <div class="section-intro">
 186                                         <h2><em>#2</em> Make your keys</h2>
 187                                                 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked together by a special mathematical function.</p>
 188
 189 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it, along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the keyserver as phonebook, where people who want to send you an encrypted email look up your public key.</p>
 190
 191 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key to descramble encrypted emails other people send to you. In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. This process helps stop impersonators. We'll discuss this more on the next section.</p>
 192                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 193
 194                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 195                                 <div id="step-2a" class="step">
 196                                         <div class="sidebar">
 197                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png" alt="Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
 198                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 199                                         <div class="main">
 200                                                 <h3><em>Step 2.a</em> Make a keypair</h3>
 201                                                 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with the default options selected, except in these instances:</p>
 202 <ul>
 203                                                 <li>On the screen titled "Encryption," select "Encrypt all of my messages by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
 204                                                 <li>On the screen titled "Signing," select "Don't sign my messages by default."</li>
 205                                                 <li>On the screen titled "Key Selection," select "I want to create a new key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
 206                                                 <li>On the screen titled "Create Key," pick a strong password! We recommend the Diceware method, which creates passwords which are both strong and memorable. To use the Diceware method, you will need the dice and this list of words. Do not substitute computer dice for physical dice. Notice that each word on the word list corresponds to a unique five-digit number. Role one dice five times, or five dice once to select the first word. Don't rearrange or discard words, because doing so makes the process much less secure. Repeat this process until you have at least six words, and there's your password.</li>
 207 </ul>
 208                                         <p class="notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next step, the "Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.</p>
 209                                                 <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">When the "Key Generation Completed" screen pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on your computer (we recommend making a folder called "Revocation Certificate" in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in <a href="#section5">Section 5</a>.</span></p>
 210
 211
 212                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 213                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 214                                                         <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 215                                                         <dl>
 216                                                                 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.</dt>
 217                                                                         <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called Tools.</dd>
 218     <dt>The wizard says that it cannot find GnuPG.</dt>
 219
 220                                          <dd>Open whatever program you usually use for installing software, and search for GnuPG, then install it. Then restart the  Enigmail setup wizard by going to Enigmail &rarr; Setup Wizard.</dd>
 221                                                                 <dt>More resources</dt>
 222                                                                         <dd>If you're having trouble with our instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a href="https://enigmail.wiki/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">Enigmail's wiki instructions for key generation</a>.</dd>
 223
 224
 225
 226                                                                 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 227                                                                         <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback page</a>.</dd>
 228                                                         </dl>
 229                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 230                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 231
 232                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 233                                                         <h4>Advanced</h4>
 234                                                         <dl>
 235                                                                 <dt>Strong Passphrases with Diceware</dt>
 236                                                                         <dd>Human-made passwords tend to either be very easy to guess, or difficult to memorise and easy to forget. Fortunately, if your privacy is more important to you than an extra 10 to 15 minutes of your time, you can use dice to come up with a password which is both strong and memorable using the 'Diceware' method.</dd>
 237
 238 <dd>To use the Diceware method, you will need dice (preferably 5, but 1 will do) and <a href="http://world.std.com/~reinhold/diceware.wordlist.asc">this list of words</a>. Do not substitute computer dice for physical dice. Notice that each word on the word list corresponds to a unique five-digit number. Role one dice five times, or five dice once to select the first word. Don't rearrange or discard words, because doing so makes the process much less secure. Repeat this process until you have at least six words, and there's your password.</dd>
 239
 240                                                                 <dt>Command line key generation</dt>
 241                                                                         <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher degree of control, you can follow the documentation from the <a href="http://www.dewinter.com/gnupg_howto/english/GPGMiniHowto-3.html#ss3.1">GnuPG Mini Howto</a> or <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy Handbook</a>. Make sure you stick with "RSA and RSA" (the default), because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms recommended in the old previously mentioned documentation.</dd>
 242
 243                                                                 <dt>Advanced key pairs</dt>
 244                                                                         <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes the encryption function from the signing function through <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys</a>. If you use subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly. <a href="https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal</a> and <a href="http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki</a> provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.</dd>
 245                                                         </dl>
 246                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 247                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 248                                 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step  -->
 249
 250
 251
 252                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 253                                 <div id="step-2b" class="step">
 254                                         <div class="main">
 255                                                 <h3><em>Step 2.b</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver</h3>
 256                                                 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 257 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. Use the default keyserver in the popup.</p>
 258 <p class="notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.</p>
 259                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 260                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 261                                                         <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 262                                                         <dl>
 263                                                                 <dt>The progress bar never finishes.</dt>
 264                                                                                 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet, and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different keyserver.</dd>
 265 <dt>My key doesnt appear in the list</dt>
 266                                                                                 <dd>Try checking "Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
 267                                                                 <dt>More documentation</dt>
 268                                                                                 <dd>If you're having trouble with our instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/quickstart-ch2.php#id2533620">Enigmail's documentation</a>.</dd>
 269
 270                                                                 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 271                                                                         <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback page</a>.</dd>
 272
 273                                                         </dl>
 274                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 275
 276                                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 277                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 278                                                         <h4>Advanced</h4>
 279                                                         <dl>
 280                                                                 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line</dt>
 281                                                                                 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the <a href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/GnuPrivacyGuardHowto#Uploading_the_key_to_Ubuntu_keyserver">command line</a>. <a href="https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">This webpage</a> maintains a list highly interconnected keyservers. You can also <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export your key</a> as a file on your computer.</dd>
 282
 283                                                         </dl>
 284                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 285                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 286                                 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step  -->
 287
 288                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 289                                 <div id="terminology" class="step">
 290                                         <div class="main">
 291                                                 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?</h3>
 292                                                 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG) is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.</p>
 293                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 294                                 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
 295
 296
 297                         </div>
 298                 </section><!-- End #section2 -->
 299
 300 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 301                 <section class="row" id="section3">
 302                         <div>
 303                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 304                                 <div class="section-intro">
 305                                                 <h2><em>#3</em> Try it out!</h2>
 306                                                 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward, which knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.</p>
 307
 308                                                 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without testing with Edward.</p> -->
 309                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 310
 311                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 312                                 <div id="step-3a" class="step">
 313                                         <div class="sidebar">
 314                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png" alt="Try it out." /></p>
 315                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 316                                         <div class="main">
 317                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.a</em> Send Edward your public key</h3>
 318                                                 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.</p>
 319
 320 <p>Address the message to edward-en@fsf.org. Put at least one word (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.</p>
 321
 322 <p>There should be an icon of a yellow key in the bottom right of the composition window. This means that encryption is on, however, we want this first special message to Edward to be unencrypted. Click the key icon once to turn encryption off. The key should become grey, with a blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.</p>
 323
 324 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded, head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as when corresponding with a real person.</p>
 325
 326 <p>When you open Edward's reply, Enigmail may prompt you for your password before using your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 327                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 328                                 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
 329
 330                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 331                                 <div id="step-3b" class="step">
 332                                         <div class="main">
 333                                                         <h3><em>Step 3.b</em> Send a test encrypted email</h3>
 334                                                         <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to edward-en@fsf.org. Make the subject "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.</p>
 335                                                         <p>The key in the bottom right of the window should be yellow, meaning encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.</p>
 336                                                         <p class="notes">Next to the key, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. Clicking this tells Enigmail to add a special, unique signature to your message, generated using your private key. This is a separate feature from encryption, and you don't have to use it for this guide.</p>
 337                                                         <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found."</p>
 338
 339                                                         <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select ok in the next pop-up.</p>
 340
 341                                                         <p>Now you are back at the "Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found" screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.</p>
 342
 343 <p class="notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key, Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with his private key, so no one except him &mdash; not even you &mdash; can decrypt it.</p>
 344                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 345                                                         <div class="troubleshooting">
 346                                                                 <h4>Troubleshooting</h4>
 347                                                                 <dl>
 348                                                                         <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key</dt>
 349                                                                                 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.</dd>
 350                                                                         <dt>More resources</dt>
 351                                                                                 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our instructions or just want to learn more, check out <a href="https://enigmail.wiki/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">Enigmail's wiki</a>.</dd>
 352                                                                 <dt class="feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?</dt>
 353                                                                         <dd class="feedback">Please let us know on the <a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback page</a>.</dd>
 354                                                                 </dl>
 355                                                         </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 356
 357
 358                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 359                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 360                                                         <h4>Advanced</h4>
 361                                                         <dl>
 362                                                                 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line</dt>
 363                                                                         <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files form the <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line</a>, if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output appear in the regular character set.</dd>
 364                                                         </dl>
 365                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 366
 367
 368                                                 </div><!-- End .main -->
 369                                         </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
 370
 371                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 372                                 <div id="step-headers_unencrypted" class="step">
 373                                         <div class="main">
 374                                                 <h3><em>Important:</em> Security tips</h3>
 375                                                 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you send attachments, Enigmail will give you an option of whether you want to encrypt them.</p>
 376                                                 <p>Encryption only works when you use it, so it's a good habit to double-check that email encryption is turned on before you hit send.</p>
 377
 378                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 379                                 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
 380
 381
 382                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 383                                 <div id="step-3c" class="step">
 384                                         <div class="main">
 385                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.c</em> Receive a response</h3>
 386                                                 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt it, then use your public key (which you sent him in <a href="#step-3a">Step 3.A</a>) to encrypt his reply to you.</p>
 387
 388                                                 <p class="notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the <a href="#section5">Use it Well</a> section of this guide.</p>
 389                                                 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will automatically detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and then it will use your private key to decrypt it.</p>
 390                                                 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with information about the status of Edward's key.</p>
 391                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 392                                 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
 393
 394
 395                                 <div id="step-3d" class="step">
 396                                         <div class="main">
 397                                                 <h3><em>Step 3.d</em> Send a test signed email to a friend</h3>
 398                                                 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key (another reason to keep your private key safe).</p>
 399
 400                                                 <p>You can sign messages to anyone (including people who haven't created their own keypair!) so it's a great way to promote GnuPG. To sign an email to a friend, click the pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold.If you sign a message, Enigmail will ask you for your password before it sends the message off. I will do this every time it needs to use your private key.</p>
 401
 402                                                 <p>When the pencil is gold but the lock is grey, the email will be signed but not encrypted. When the pencil is grey and the lock is gold, the email will be encrypted but not signed. When they're both gold, the email will be signed and encrypted.</p>
 403                                         </div>
 404                                 </div>
 405                         </div>
 406                 </section>
 407
 408
 409 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 410                 <section class="row" id="section4">
 411                         <div>
 412                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 413                                 <div class="section-intro">
 414                                                 <h2><em>#4</em> Learn the Web of Trust</h2>
 415                                                 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness; it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.</p>
 416
 417 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified that it belongs to them and not an impostor. Signing keys and messages is the same type mathematical operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter!</p>
 418
 419 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've used GnuPG for a long time, you may have hundreds of signatures. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users, connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures. The more signatures of people you trust a key has, the more trustworthy that key is.</p>
 420
 421
 422
 423                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 424
 425                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 426                                 <div id="step-4a" class="step">
 427                                         <div class="sidebar">
 428                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png" alt="Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
 429                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 430                                         <div class="main">
 431                                                 <h3><em>Step 4.a</em> Sign a key</h3>
 432                                                 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management.</p>
 433                                                 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context menu.</p>
 434                                                 <p>In the window that pops up, select "I will not answer" and click ok.</p>
 435                                                 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver &rarr; Upload Public Keys and hit ok.</p>
 436                                                 <p class="notes">You've just effectively said "I trust that Edward's public key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't a real person, but it's good practice.</p>
 437
 438
 439                                                 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
 440                                                         <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi" method="get">
 441                                                                 <p><strong>From:</strong> <input type="text" placeholder="xD41A008"  name="FROM"></p>
 442                                                                 <p><strong>To:</strong> <input type="text" placeholder="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
 443                                                                 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"> <input type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
 444                                                         </form>
 445                                                 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
 446
 447                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 448                                 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
 449
 450                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 451                                 <div id="step-sign_real_keys" class="step">
 452                                         <div class="main">
 453                                                 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs</h3>
 454                                                 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint, which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail &rarr; Key Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.</p>
 455
 456 <p class="notes">You may also see public keys referred to by their key ID, which is simply the last 8 digits of the fingerprint, like C09A61E8 for Edward. The key ID is visible directly from the Key Management window. This key ID is like a person's first name (it is a useful shorthand but may not be unique to a given key), whereas the fingerprint actually identifies the key uniquely without the possibility of confusion. If you only have the key ID, you can still look up the key (as well as its fingerprint), like you did in Step 3, but if multiple options appear, you'll need the fingerprint of the person to whom you are trying to communicate to verify which one to use.</p>
 457
 458                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 459                                 </div><!-- End #step-sign_real_keys .step-->
 460
 461                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 462                                 <div id="step-sign_real_keys" class="step">
 463                                         <div class="main">
 464                                                 <h3><em>Important:</em> check people's identification before signing their keys</h3>
 465                                                 <p>Before signing a real person's key, always make sure it actually belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ask them to show you their ID (unless you trust them very highly) and their public key fingerprint -- not just the shorter public key ID, which could refer to another key as well. In Enigmail, answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks "How carefully have you verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s) named above?".</p>
 466
 467                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 468                                                 <div class="troubleshooting">
 469                                                         <h4>Advanced</h4>
 470                                                         <dl>
 471                                                                 <dt>Master the Web of Trust</dt>
 472                                                                        <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way <a href="http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people think</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to properly <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand</a> the web of trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as <a href="http://www.cryptnet.net/fdp/crypto/keysigning_party/en/keysigning_party.html">circumstances</a> permit.</dd>
 473                                                         </dl>
 474                                                 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
 475                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 476
 477                                 </div><!-- End #step-sign_real_keys .step-->
 478
 479
 480                         </div>
 481                 </section><!-- End #section4 -->
 482
 483 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 484                 <section id="section5" class="row">
 485                         <div>
 486                                         <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 487                                 <div class="section-intro">
 488                                                 <h2><em>#5</em> Use it well</h2>
 489 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own, and damage the Web of Trust.</p>
 490                                 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
 491
 492                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 493                                 <div id="step-5a" class="step">
 494                                         <div class="sidebar">
 495                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png" alt="Section 5: Use it Well" /></p>
 496                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 497                                         <div class="main">
 498                                                 <h3>When should I encrypt?</h3>
 499
 500                                                 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people doing surveillance won't know where to start.</p>
 501
 502 <p>That's not to say that only encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it makes bulk surveillance more difficult.</p>
 503
 504                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 505                                 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
 506
 507                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 508                                 <div id="step-5b" class="step">
 509                                         <div class="sidebar">
 510                                                 <p><img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png" alt="Section 5: Use it Well" /></p>
 511                                         </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
 512                                         <div class="main">
 513                                                 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys</h3>
 514                                                 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.</p>
 515                                                 <p>In your email program, go back to the second email that Edward sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says "Enigmail: Part of this message encrypted."</p>
 516 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program will warn you there if you get an email encrypted with a key that can't be trusted.</b></p>
 517                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 518                                 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
 519
 520                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 521                                 <div id="step-5c" class="step">
 522                                         <div class="main">
 523                                                 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe</h3>
 524                                                 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard drive stored in a safe place in your home.</p>
 525 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.</p>
 526                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 527                                 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
 528
 529                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 530                                 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 531                                         <div class="main">
 532                                                 <h3><em>Important:</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key</h3>
 533                                                 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses it to read your encrypted email. This guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow the <a href="https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN305">instructions on the GnuPG site</a>. After you're done revoking, send an email to everyone with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know.</p>
 534                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 535                                 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 536
 537                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 538                                 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 539                                         <div class="main">
 540                                                 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG</h3>
 541                                                 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail, an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive a scrambled email.</p>
 542                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 543                                 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 544
 545                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 546                                 <div id="step-lost_key" class="step">
 547                                         <div class="main">
 548                                                 <h3>Optional: Protect Your Privacy with Tor</h3>
 549                                                 <p><a href=https://www.torproject.org/about/overview.html.en>The Onion Router (Tor) network</a> wraps Internet communication in multiple layers of encryption and bounces it around the world several times. When used properly, Tor confuses surveillance field agents and the global surveillance apparatus alike. To have your email program send and receive email over Tor, install the <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/thunderbird/addon/torbirdy/">Torbirdy plugin</a> the same way you installed Enigmail, by searching for it through Add-ons.</p>
 550
 551                                                 <p>Before beginning to check your email over Tor, make sure you understand <a href="https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq.html.en#WhatProtectionsDoesTorProvide">the security tradeoffs involved</a>. This <a href=https://www.eff.org/pages/tor-and-https">infographic</a> demonstrates how Tor keeps you secure.
 552                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 553                                 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
 554
 555
 556                                 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step  ~~~~~~~~~
 557                                 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
 558                                         <div class="main">
 559                                                 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
 560                                                 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
 561
 562 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website, or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
 563                                         </div><!-- End .main
 564                                 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
 565
 566
 567                         </div>
 568                 </section><!-- End #section5 -->
 569
 570
 571
 572 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 573                 <section class="row" id="section6">
 574                         <div id="step-click_here" class="step">
 575                                         <div class="main">
 576                                           <h2><a href="next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.</a></h2>
 577
 578                                         </div><!-- End .main -->
 579                                 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
 580
 581                 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
 582
 583 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 584 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
 585                 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
 586
 587                 <section class="row" id="faq">
 588                         <div>
 589                                 <div class="sidebar">
 590                                         <h2>FAQ</h2>
 591                                 </div>
 592
 593                                 <div class="main">
 594                                         <dl>
 595                                                 <dt>My key expired</dt>
 596                                                         <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
 597
 598                                                 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
 599                                                         <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
 600
 601                                                 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
 602                                                         <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
 603                                         </dl>
 604                                 </div>
 605                         </div>
 606                 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
 607
 608 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer  ~~~~~~~~~ -->
 609                 <footer class="row" id="footer">
 610                         <div>
 611                                 <div id="copyright">
 612                                         <h4><a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img alt="Free Software Foundation" src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
 613                                         <p>Copyright &copy; 2014-2015 <a href="https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc. <a href="https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy</a>. <a href="https://u.fsf.org/yr">Join.</a></p>
 614                                         <p><em><a href="http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">Source code of Edward reply bot by Josh Drake &lt;zamnedix@gnu.org&gt; available under the GNU General Public License.</a></em></p>
 615 <p>The images on this page are under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (or later version)</a>, and the rest of it is under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 license (or later version)</a>. &mdash; <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these licenses?</a></p>
 616                                         <p>Download the source package for <a href="emailselfdefense_source.zip">this guide</a>. Fonts used in the guide &amp; infographic: <a href="https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis</a> by Pablo Impallari, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika</a> by Anna Giedry&#347;, <a href="http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo Narrow</a> by Omnibus-Type, <a href="http://www.thegopherarchive.com/gopher-files-hacks-pxl2000-119351.htm">PXL-2000</a> by Florian Cramer.</p>
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 625                                         Infographic and guide design by <a rel="external" href="http://jplusplus.org"><strong>Journalism++</strong> <img src="//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/jplusplus.png" alt="Journalism++" /></a>
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