4 <meta http-equiv=
"content-type" content=
"text/html; charset=utf-8" />
5 <title>Email Self-Defense - a guide to fighting surveillance with GnuPG
7 <meta name=
"keywords" content=
"GnuPG, GPG, openpgp, surveillance, privacy,
9 <meta name=
"description" content=
"Email surveillance violates our fundamental
10 rights and makes free speech risky. This guide will teach you email
11 self-defense in 40 minutes with GnuPG." />
12 <meta name=
"viewport" content=
"width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
13 <link rel=
"stylesheet" href=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/css/main.css" />
14 <link rel=
"shortcut icon"
15 href=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/favicon.ico" />
18 <body><iframe src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/banners/2017fundraiser/" width=
"100%" height=
"100%" scrolling=
"no" style=
"overflow: hidden; border: 0 none; display: block;"></iframe>
20 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ GnuPG Header and introduction text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
21 <header class=
"row" id=
"header"><div>
23 <h1>Email Self-Defense
</h1>
25 <!-- Language list for browsers that do not have JS enabled -->
26 <ul id=
"languages" class=
"os">
27 <li><a class=
"current" href=
"/en">English - v4.0
</a></li>
28 <li><a href=
"/cs">Čeština - v4.0
</a></li>
29 <li><a href=
"/de">Deutsch - v3.0
</a></li>
30 <li><a href=
"/el">ελληνικά - v3.0
</a></li>
31 <li><a href=
"/es">español - v4.0
</a></li>
32 <li><a href=
"/fa">فارسی - v4.0
</a></li>
33 <li><a href=
"/fr">français - v4.0
</a></li>
34 <li><a href=
"/it">italiano - v3.0
</a></li>
35 <li><a href=
"/ja">日本語 - v4.0
</a></li>
36 <li><a href=
"/pt-br">português do Brasil - v3.0
</a></li>
37 <li><a href=
"/ro">română - v3.0
</a></li>
38 <li><a href=
"/ru">русский - v4.0
</a></li>
39 <li><a href=
"/sq">Shqip - v4.0
</a></li>
40 <li><a href=
"/sv">svenska - v4.0
</a></li>
41 <li><a href=
"/tr">Türkçe - v4.0
</a></li>
43 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Translation_Guide"><strong><span
44 style=
"color: #2F5FAA;">Translate!
</span></strong></a></li>
47 <ul id=
"menu" class=
"os">
48 <li class=
"spacer"><a href=
"index.html" class=
"current">GNU/Linux
</a></li>
49 <li><a href=
"mac.html">Mac OS
</a></li>
50 <li><a href=
"windows.html">Windows
</a></li>
51 <li><a href=
"workshops.html">Teach your friends
</a></li>
52 <li><a href=
"https://fsf.org/share?u=https://u.fsf.org/zb&t=Email
53 encryption for everyone via %40fsf">Share
55 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/gnu-social.png"
57 alt=
"[GNU Social]" />
59 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/pump.io.png"
61 alt=
"[Pump.io]" />
63 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/reddit-alien.png"
65 alt=
"[Reddit]" />
67 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/hacker-news.png"
69 alt=
"[Hacker News]" />
73 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FSF Introduction ~~~~~~~~~ -->
76 <h3><a href=
"http://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
77 alt=
"Free Software Foundation"
78 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" />
81 <div class=
"fsf-emphasis">
83 <p>We fight for computer users' rights, and promote the development of free (as
84 in freedom) software. Resisting bulk surveillance is very important to us.
</p>
86 <p><strong>Please donate to support Email Self-Defense. We need to keep
87 improving it, and making more materials, for the benefit of people around
88 the world taking the first step towards protecting their privacy.
</strong></p>
93 href=
"https://crm.fsf.org/civicrm/contribute/transact?reset=1&id=14&pk_campaign=email_self_defense&pk_kwd=guide_donate"><img
95 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/donate.png" /></a></p>
97 </div><!-- End #fsf-intro -->
99 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Guide Introduction ~~~~~~~~~ -->
102 <p><a id=
"infographic" href=
"infographic.html"><img
103 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/infographic-button.png"
104 alt=
"View & share our infographic →" /></a>
105 Bulk surveillance violates our fundamental rights and makes free speech
106 risky. This guide will teach you a basic surveillance self-defense skill:
107 email encryption. Once you've finished, you'll be able to send and receive
108 emails that are scrambled to make sure anyone, including a surveillance agent
109 or thief, intercepting your email can't read them. All you need is a computer
110 with an Internet connection, an email account, and about forty minutes.
</p>
112 <p>Even if you have nothing to hide, using encryption helps protect the privacy
113 of people you communicate with, and makes life difficult for bulk surveillance
114 systems. If you do have something important to hide, you're in good company;
115 these are the same tools that whistleblowers use to protect their identities
116 while shining light on human rights abuses, corruption and other crimes.
</p>
118 <p>In addition to using encryption, standing up
119 to surveillance requires fighting politically for a
<a
120 href=
"http://gnu.org/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">reduction
121 in the amount of data collected on us
</a>, but the essential first step is
122 to protect yourself and make surveillance of your communication as difficult
123 as possible. This guide helps you do that. It is designed for beginners, but
124 if you already know the basics of GnuPG or are an experienced free software
125 user, you'll enjoy the advanced tips and the
<a href=
"workshops.html">guide
126 to teaching your friends
</a>.
</p>
128 </div><!-- End .intro -->
129 </div></header><!-- End #header -->
131 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 1: Get the pieces ~~~~~~~~~ -->
132 <section class=
"row" id=
"section1"><div>
134 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
135 <div class=
"section-intro">
137 <h2><em>#
1</em> Get the pieces
</h2>
139 <p class=
"notes">This guide relies on software which is
<a
140 href=
"https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html">freely licensed
</a>;
141 it's completely transparent and anyone can copy it or make their
142 own version. This makes it safer from surveillance than proprietary
143 software (like Windows). Learn more about free software at
<a
144 href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys">fsf.org
</a>.
</p>
146 <p>Most GNU/Linux operating systems come with GnuPG installed on them,
147 so you don't have to download it. Before configuring GnuPG though, you'll
148 need the IceDove desktop email program installed on your computer. Most
149 GNU/Linux distributions have IceDove installed already, though it may be
150 under the alternate name
"Thunderbird." Email programs are another way to
151 access the same email accounts you can access in a browser (like Gmail),
152 but provide extra features.
</p>
154 <p>If you already have an email program, you can skip to
<a
155 href=
"#step-1b">Step
1.b
</a>.
</p>
157 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
159 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
160 <div id=
"step-1a" class=
"step">
161 <div class=
"sidebar">
164 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1a-install-wizard.png"
165 alt=
"Step 1.A: Install Wizard" /></p>
167 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
170 <h3><em>Step
1.a
</em> Set up your email program with your email account
</h3>
172 <p>Open your email program and follow the wizard (step-by-step walkthrough)
173 that sets it up with your email account.
</p>
175 <p>Look for the letters SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS to the right of the servers
176 when you're setting up your account. If you don't see them, you will still
177 be able to use encryption, but this means that the people running your email
178 system are running behind the industry standard in protecting your security
179 and privacy. We recommend that you send them a friendly email asking them
180 to enable SSL, TLS, or STARTTLS for your email server. They will know what
181 you're talking about, so it's worth making the request even if you aren't
182 an expert on these security systems.
</p>
184 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
185 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
187 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
190 <dt>The wizard doesn't launch
</dt>
191 <dd>You can launch the wizard yourself, but the menu option for doing so is
192 named differently in each email program. The button to launch it will be in
193 the program's main menu, under
"New" or something similar, titled something
194 like
"Add account" or
"New/Existing email account."</dd>
196 <dt>The wizard can't find my account or isn't downloading my mail
</dt>
197 <dd>Before searching the Web, we recommend you start by asking other people
198 who use your email system, to figure out the correct settings.
</dd>
200 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
201 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
202 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
206 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
207 </div><!-- End .main -->
208 </div><!-- End #step1-a .step -->
210 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
211 <div id=
"step-1b" class=
"step">
212 <div class=
"sidebar">
216 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-01-tools-addons.png"
217 alt=
"Step 1.B: Tools -> Add-ons" /></li>
219 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-02-search.png"
220 alt=
"Step 1.B: Search Add-ons" /></li>
222 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step1b-03-install.png"
223 alt=
"Step 1.B: Install Add-ons" /></li>
226 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
229 <h3><em>Step
1.b
</em> Install the Enigmail plugin for your email program
</h3>
231 <p>In your email program's menu, select Add-ons (it may be in the Tools
232 section). Make sure Extensions is selected on the left. Do you see Enigmail? If
233 so, skip this step.
</p>
235 <p>If not, search
"Enigmail" with the search bar in the upper right. You
236 can take it from here. Restart your email program when you're done.
</p>
238 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
239 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
241 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
244 <dt>I can't find the menu.
</dt>
245 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image of
246 three stacked horizontal bars.
</dd>
248 <dt>My email looks weird
</dt>
249 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
250 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
251 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
252 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
255 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
256 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
257 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
261 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
262 </div><!-- End .main -->
263 </div><!-- End #step-1b .step -->
264 </div></section><!-- End #section1 -->
266 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 2: Make your keys ~~~~~~~~~ -->
267 <section class=
"row" id=
"section2"><div>
269 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
270 <div class=
"section-intro">
272 <h2><em>#
2</em> Make your keys
</h2>
274 <p>To use the GnuPG system, you'll need a public key and a private key (known
275 together as a keypair). Each is a long string of randomly generated numbers
276 and letters that are unique to you. Your public and private keys are linked
277 together by a special mathematical function.
</p>
279 <p>Your public key isn't like a physical key, because it's stored in the open
280 in an online directory called a keyserver. People download it and use it,
281 along with GnuPG, to encrypt emails they send to you. You can think of the
282 keyserver as a phonebook; people who want to send you encrypted email can
283 look up your public key.
</p>
285 <p>Your private key is more like a physical key, because you keep it to
286 yourself (on your computer). You use GnuPG and your private key together to
287 descramble encrypted emails other people send to you.
<span style=
"font-weight:
288 bold;">You should never share you private key with anyone, under any
289 circumstances.
</span></p>
291 <p>In addition to encryption and decryption, you can also use these keys to
292 sign messages and check the authenticity of other people's signatures. We'll
293 discuss this more in the next section.
</p>
295 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
297 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
298 <div id=
"step-2a" class=
"step">
299 <div class=
"sidebar">
302 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/step2a-01-make-keypair.png"
303 alt=
"Step 2.A: Make a Keypair" /></p>
305 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
308 <h3><em>Step
2.a
</em> Make a keypair
</h3>
310 <p>The Enigmail Setup wizard may start automatically. If it doesn't, select
311 Enigmail
→ Setup Wizard from your email program's menu. You don't need
312 to read the text in the window that pops up unless you'd like to, but it's
313 good to read the text on the later screens of the wizard. Click Next with
314 the default options selected, except in these instances, which are listed
315 in the order they appear:
</p>
318 <li>On the screen titled
"Encryption," select
"Encrypt all of my messages
319 by default, because privacy is critical to me."</li>
321 <li>On the screen titled
"Signing," select
"Don't sign my messages by
324 <li>On the screen titled
"Key Selection," select
"I want to create a new
325 key pair for signing and encrypting my email."</li>
327 <li>On the screen titled
"Create Key," pick a strong password! You can
328 do it manually, or you can use the Diceware method. Doing it manually
329 is faster but not as secure. Using Diceware takes longer and requires
330 dice, but creates a password that is much harder for attackers figure
331 out. To use it, read the section
"Make a secure passphrase with Diceware" in
<a
332 href=
"https://theintercept.com/2015/03/26/passphrases-can-memorize-attackers-cant-guess/">this
333 article
</a> by Micah Lee.
</li>
336 <p>If you'd like to pick a password manually, come up with something
337 you can remember which is at least twelve characters long, and includes
338 at least one lower case and upper case letter and at least one number or
339 punctuation symbol. Never pick a password you've used elsewhere. Don't use
340 any recognizable patterns, such as birthdays, telephone numbers, pets' names,
341 song lyrics, quotes from books, and so on.
</p>
343 <p class=
"notes">The program will take a little while to finish the next
344 step, the
"Key Creation" screen. While you wait, do something else with your
345 computer, like watching a movie or browsing the Web. The more you use the
346 computer at this point, the faster the key creation will go.
</p>
348 <p><span style=
"font-weight: bold;">When the
"Key Generation Completed" screen
349 pops up, select Generate Certificate and choose to save it in a safe place on
350 your computer (we recommend making a folder called
"Revocation Certificate"
351 in your home folder and keeping it there). This step is essential for your
352 email self-defense, as you'll learn more about in
<a href=
"#section5">Section
355 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
356 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
358 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
361 <dt>I can't find the Enigmail menu.
</dt>
362 <dd>In many new email programs, the main menu is represented by an image
363 of three stacked horizontal bars. Enigmail may be inside a section called
366 <dt>The wizard says that it cannot find GnuPG.
</dt>
367 <dd>Open whatever program you usually use for installing software, and search
368 for GnuPG, then install it. Then restart the Enigmail setup wizard by going
369 to Enigmail
→ Setup Wizard.
</dd>
371 <dt>My email looks weird
</dt>
372 <dd>Enigmail doesn't tend to play nice with HTML, which is used to format
373 emails, so it may disable your HTML formatting automatically. To send an
374 HTML-formatted email without encryption or a signature, hold down the Shift
375 key when you select compose. You can then write an email as if Enigmail
378 <dt>More resources
</dt>
379 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
380 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
381 href=
"https://enigmail.wiki/Key_Management#Generating_your_own_key_pair">Enigmail's
382 wiki instructions for key generation
</a>.
</dd>
384 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
385 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
386 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
390 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
392 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
393 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
398 <dt>Command line key generation
</dt>
399 <dd>If you prefer using the command line for a higher
400 degree of control, you can follow the documentation from
<a
401 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/c14.html#AEN25">The GNU Privacy
402 Handbook
</a>. Make sure you stick with
"RSA and RSA" (the default),
403 because it's newer and more secure than the algorithms the documentation
404 recommends. Also make sure your key is at least
2048 bits, or
4096 if you
405 want to be extra secure.
</dd>
407 <dt>Advanced key pairs
</dt>
408 <dd>When GnuPG creates a new keypair, it compartmentalizes
409 the encryption function from the signing function through
<a
410 href=
"https://wiki.debian.org/Subkeys">subkeys
</a>. If you use
411 subkeys carefully, you can keep your GnuPG identity much more
412 secure and recover from a compromised key much more quickly.
<a
413 href=
"https://alexcabal.com/creating-the-perfect-gpg-keypair/">Alex Cabal
</a>
414 and
<a href=
"http://keyring.debian.org/creating-key.html">the Debian wiki
</a>
415 provide good guides for setting up a secure subkey configuration.
</dd>
418 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
419 </div><!-- End .main -->
420 </div><!-- End #step-2a .step -->
422 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
423 <div id=
"step-2b" class=
"step">
426 <h3><em>Step
2.b
</em> Upload your public key to a keyserver
</h3>
428 <p>In your email program's menu, select Enigmail
→ Key Management.
</p>
430 <p>Right click on your key and select Upload Public Keys to Keyserver. Use
431 the default keyserver in the popup.
</p>
433 <p class=
"notes">Now someone who wants to send you an encrypted message can
434 download your public key from the Internet. There are multiple keyservers
435 that you can select from the menu when you upload, but they are all copies
436 of each other, so it doesn't matter which one you use. However, it sometimes
437 takes a few hours for them to match each other when a new key is uploaded.
</p>
439 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
440 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
442 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
445 <dt>The progress bar never finishes
</dt>
446 <dd>Close the upload popup, make sure you are connected to the Internet,
447 and try again. If that doesn't work, try again, selecting a different
450 <dt>My key doesn't appear in the list
</dt>
451 <dd>Try checking
"Display All Keys by Default."</dd>
453 <dt>More documentation
</dt>
454 <dd>If you're having trouble with our
455 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
456 href=
"https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/quickstart-ch2.php#id2533620">Enigmail's
457 documentation
</a>.
</dd>
459 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
460 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
461 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
465 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
467 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
468 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
473 <dt>Uploading a key from the command line
</dt>
474 <dd>You can also upload your keys to a keyserver through the
<a
475 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x457.html">command line
</a>.
<a
476 href=
"https://sks-keyservers.net/overview-of-pools.php">The sks Web site
</a>
477 maintains a list of highly interconnected keyservers. You can also
<a
478 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x56.html#AEN64">directly export
479 your key
</a> as a file on your computer.
</dd>
482 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
483 </div><!-- End .main -->
484 </div><!-- End #step-2b .step -->
486 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
487 <div id=
"terminology" class=
"step">
490 <h3>GnuPG, OpenPGP, what?
</h3>
492 <p>In general, the terms GnuPG, GPG, GNU Privacy Guard, OpenPGP and PGP
493 are used interchangeably. Technically, OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) is the
494 encryption standard, and GNU Privacy Guard (often shortened to GPG or GnuPG)
495 is the program that implements the standard. Enigmail is a plug-in program
496 for your email program that provides an interface for GnuPG.
</p>
498 </div><!-- End .main -->
499 </div><!-- End #terminology.step-->
500 </div></section><!-- End #section2 -->
502 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 3: Try it out ~~~~~~~~~ -->
503 <section class=
"row" id=
"section3"><div>
505 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
506 <div class=
"section-intro">
508 <h2><em>#
3</em> Try it out!
</h2>
510 <p>Now you'll try a test correspondence with a computer program named Edward,
511 who knows how to use encryption. Except where noted, these are the same
512 steps you'd follow when corresponding with a real, live person.
</p>
514 <!-- <p>NOTE: Edward is currently having some technical difficulties, so he
515 may take a long time to respond, or not respond at all. We're sorry about
516 this and we're working hard to fix it. Your key will still work even without
517 testing with Edward.</p> -->
518 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
520 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
521 <div id=
"step-3a" class=
"step">
522 <div class=
"sidebar">
525 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section3-try-it-out.png"
526 alt=
"Try it out." /></p>
528 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
531 <h3><em>Step
3.a
</em> Send Edward your public key
</h3>
533 <p>This is a special step that you won't have to do when corresponding
534 with real people. In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail
→ Key
535 Management. You should see your key in the list that pops up. Right click
536 on your key and select Send Public Keys by Email. This will create a new
537 draft message, as if you had just hit the Write button.
</p>
539 <p>Address the message to
<a
540 href=
"mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org
</a>. Put at least one word
541 (whatever you want) in the subject and body of the email. Don't send yet.
</p>
543 <p>The lock icon in the top left should be yellow, meaning encryption is
544 turned on. We want this first special message to be unencrypted, so
545 click the icon once to turn it off. The lock should become grey, with a
546 blue dot on it (to alert you that the setting has been changed from the
547 default). Once encryption is off, hit Send.
</p>
549 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
550 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
551 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide. Once he's responded,
552 head to the next step. From here on, you'll be doing just the same thing as
553 when corresponding with a real person.
</p>
555 <p>When you open Edward's reply, GnuPG may prompt you for your password
556 before using your private key to decrypt it.
</p>
558 </div><!-- End .main -->
559 </div><!-- End #step-3a .step -->
561 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
562 <div id=
"step-3b" class=
"step">
565 <h3><em>Step
3.b
</em> Send a test encrypted email
</h3>
567 <p>Write a new email in your email program, addressed to
<a
568 href=
"mailto:edward-en@fsf.org">edward-en@fsf.org
</a>. Make the subject
569 "Encryption test" or something similar and write something in the body.
</p>
571 <p>The lock icon in the top left of the window should be yellow, meaning
572 encryption is on. This will be your default from now on.
</p>
574 <p class=
"notes">Next to the lock, you'll notice an icon of a pencil. We'll
575 get to this in a moment.
</p>
577 <p>Click Send. Enigmail will pop up a window that says
"Recipients not valid,
578 not trusted or not found."</p>
580 <p>To encrypt an email to Edward, you need his public key, so now you'll have
581 Enigmail download it from a keyserver. Click Download Missing Keys and use
582 the default in the pop-up that asks you to choose a keyserver. Once it finds
583 keys, check the first one (Key ID starting with C), then select ok. Select
584 ok in the next pop-up.
</p>
586 <p>Now you are back at the
"Recipients not valid, not trusted or not found"
587 screen. Check the box in front of Edward's key and click Send.
</p>
589 <p class=
"notes">Since you encrypted this email with Edward's public key,
590 Edward's private key is required to decrypt it. Edward is the only one with
591 his private key, so no one except him can decrypt it.
</p>
593 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
594 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
596 <h4>Troubleshooting
</h4>
599 <dt>Enigmail can't find Edward's key
</dt>
600 <dd>Close the pop-ups that have appeared since you clicked Send. Make sure
601 you are connected to the Internet and try again. If that doesn't work, repeat
602 the process, choosing a different keyserver when it asks you to pick one.
</dd>
604 <dt>Unscrambled messages in the Sent folder
</dt>
605 <dd>Even though you can't decrypt messages encrypted to someone else's key,
606 your email program will automatically save a copy encrypted to your public key,
607 which you'll be able to view from the Sent folder like a normal email. This
608 is normal, and it doesn't mean that your email was not sent encrypted.
</dd>
610 <dt>More resources
</dt>
611 <dd>If you're still having trouble with our
612 instructions or just want to learn more, check out
<a
613 href=
"https://enigmail.wiki/Signature_and_Encryption#Encrypting_a_message">Enigmail's
616 <dt class=
"feedback">Don't see a solution to your problem?
</dt>
617 <dd class=
"feedback">Please let us know on the
<a
618 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Public_Review">feedback
622 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
624 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
625 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
630 <dt>Encrypt messages from the command line
</dt>
631 <dd>You can also encrypt and decrypt messages and files from the
<a
632 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x110.html">command line
</a>,
633 if that's your preference. The option --armor makes the encrypted output
634 appear in the regular character set.
</dd>
637 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
638 </div><!-- End .main -->
639 </div><!-- End #step-3b .step -->
641 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
642 <div id=
"step-headers_unencrypted" class=
"step">
645 <h3><em>Important:
</em> Security tips
</h3>
647 <p>Even if you encrypt your email, the subject line is not encrypted, so
648 don't put private information there. The sending and receiving addresses
649 aren't encrypted either, so a surveillance system can still figure out who
650 you're communicating with. Also, surveillance agents will know that you're
651 using GnuPG, even if they can't figure out what you're saying. When you
652 send attachments, Enigmail will give you the choice to encrypt them or not,
653 independent of the actual email.
</p>
655 </div><!-- End .main -->
656 </div><!-- End #step-headers_unencrypted .step-->
658 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
659 <div id=
"step-3c" class=
"step">
662 <h3><em>Step
3.c
</em> Receive a response
</h3>
664 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use his private key to decrypt
665 it, then use your public key (which you sent him in
<a href=
"#step-3a">Step
666 3.A
</a>) to encrypt his reply to you.
</p>
668 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
669 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
670 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide.
</p>
672 <p>When you receive Edward's email and open it, Enigmail will automatically
673 detect that it is encrypted with your public key, and then it will use your
674 private key to decrypt it.
</p>
676 <p>Notice the bar that Enigmail shows you above the message, with information
677 about the status of Edward's key.
</p>
679 </div><!-- End .main -->
680 </div><!-- End #step-3c .step -->
682 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
683 <div id=
"step-3d" class=
"step">
686 <h3><em>Step
3.d
</em> Send a test signed email
</h3>
688 <p>GnuPG includes a way for you to sign messages and files, verifying that
689 they came from you and that they weren't tampered with along the way. These
690 signatures are stronger than their pen-and-paper cousins -- they're impossible
691 to forge, because they're impossible to create without your private key
692 (another reason to keep your private key safe).
</p>
694 <p>You can sign messages to anyone, so it's a great way to make people
695 aware that you use GnuPG and that they can communicate with you securely. If
696 they don't have GnuPG, they will be able to read your message and see your
697 signature. If they do have GnuPG, they'll also be able to verify that your
698 signature is authentic.
</p>
700 <p>To sign an email to Edward, compose any message to him and click the
701 pencil icon next to the lock icon so that it turns gold. If you sign a
702 message, GnuPG may ask you for your password before it sends the message,
703 because it needs to unlock your private key for signing.
</p>
705 <p>With the lock and pencil icons, you can choose whether each message will
706 be encrypted, signed, both, or neither.
</p>
711 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
712 <div id=
"step-3e" class=
"step">
715 <h3><em>Step
3.e
</em> Receive a response
</h3>
717 <p>When Edward receives your email, he will use your public key (which you
718 sent him in
<a href=
"#step-3a">Step
3.A
</a>) to verify that your signature
719 is authentic and the message you sent has not been tampered with.
</p>
721 <p class=
"notes">It may take two or three minutes for Edward to
722 respond. In the meantime, you might want to skip ahead and check out the
<a
723 href=
"#section5">Use it Well
</a> section of this guide.
</p>
725 <p>Edward's reply will arrive encrypted, because he prefers to use encryption
726 whenever possible. If everything goes according to plan, it should say
727 "Your signature was verified." If your test signed email was also encrypted,
728 he will mention that first.
</p>
730 </div><!-- End .main -->
731 </div><!-- End #step-3e .step -->
734 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 4: Learn the Web of Trust ~~~~~~~~~ -->
735 <section class=
"row" id=
"section4"><div>
737 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
738 <div class=
"section-intro">
740 <h2><em>#
4</em> Learn the Web of Trust
</h2>
742 <p>Email encryption is a powerful technology, but it has a weakness;
743 it requires a way to verify that a person's public key is actually
744 theirs. Otherwise, there would be no way to stop an attacker from making
745 an email address with your friend's name, creating keys to go with it and
746 impersonating your friend. That's why the free software programmers that
747 developed email encryption created keysigning and the Web of Trust.
</p>
749 <p>When you sign someone's key, you are publicly saying that you've verified
750 that it belongs to them and not someone else.
</p>
752 <p>Signing keys and signing messages use the same type of mathematical
753 operation, but they carry very different implications. It's a good practice
754 to generally sign your email, but if you casually sign people's keys, you
755 may accidently end up vouching for the identity of an imposter.
</p>
757 <p>People who use your public key can see who has signed it. Once you've
758 used GnuPG for a long time, your key may have hundreds of signatures. You
759 can consider a key to be more trustworthy if it has many signatures from
760 people that you trust. The Web of Trust is a constellation of GnuPG users,
761 connected to each other by chains of trust expressed through signatures.
</p>
763 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
765 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
766 <div id=
"step-4a" class=
"step">
767 <div class=
"sidebar">
770 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section4-web-of-trust.png"
771 alt=
"Section 4: Web of Trust" /></p>
773 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
776 <h3><em>Step
4.a
</em> Sign a key
</h3>
778 <p>In your email program's menu, go to Enigmail
→ Key Management.
</p>
780 <p>Right click on Edward's public key and select Sign Key from the context
783 <p>In the window that pops up, select
"I will not answer" and click ok.
</p>
785 <p>Now you should be back at the Key Management menu. Select Keyserver
→
786 Upload Public Keys and hit ok.
</p>
788 <p class=
"notes">You've just effectively said
"I trust that Edward's public
789 key actually belongs to Edward." This doesn't mean much because Edward isn't
790 a real person, but it's good practice.
</p>
792 <!--<div id="pgp-pathfinder">
794 <form enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" action="/mk_path.cgi"
797 <p><strong>From:</strong><input type="text" placeholder="xD41A008"
800 <p><strong>To:</strong><input type="text" placeholder="50BD01x4" name="TO"></p>
802 <p class="buttons"><input type="submit" value="trust paths" name="PATHS"><input
803 type="reset" value="reset" name=".reset"></p>
807 </div>End #pgp-pathfinder -->
808 </div><!-- End .main -->
809 </div><!-- End #step-4a .step -->
811 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
812 <div id=
"step-identify_keys" class=
"step">
815 <h3>Identifying keys: Fingerprints and IDs
</h3>
817 <p>People's public keys are usually identified by their key fingerprint,
818 which is a string of digits like F357AA1A5B1FA42CFD9FE52A9FF2194CC09A61E8
819 (for Edward's key). You can see the fingerprint for your public key, and
820 other public keys saved on your computer, by going to Enigmail
→ Key
821 Management in your email program's menu, then right clicking on the key
822 and choosing Key Properties. It's good practice to share your fingerprint
823 wherever you share your email address, so that people can double-check that
824 they have the correct public key when they download yours from a keyserver.
</p>
826 <p class=
"notes">You may also see public keys referred to by their key ID,
827 which is simply the last eight digits of the fingerprint, like C09A61E8 for
828 Edward. The key ID is visible directly from the Key Management window. This
829 key ID is like a person's first name (it is a useful shorthand but may not be
830 unique to a given key), whereas the fingerprint actually identifies the key
831 uniquely without the possibility of confusion. If you only have the key ID,
832 you can still look up the key (as well as its fingerprint), like you did in
833 Step
3, but if multiple options appear, you'll need the fingerprint of the
834 person to whom you are trying to communicate to verify which one to use.
</p>
836 </div><!-- End .main -->
837 </div><!-- End #step-identify_keys .step-->
839 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
840 <div id=
"check-ids-before-signing" class=
"step">
843 <h3><em>Important:
</em> What to consider when signing keys
</h3>
845 <p>Before signing a person's key, you need to be confident that it actually
846 belongs to them, and that they are who they say they are. Ideally, this
847 confidence comes from having interactions and conversations with them over
848 time, and witnessing interactions between them and others. Whenever signing
849 a key, ask to see the full public key fingerprint, and not just the shorter
850 key ID. If you feel it's important to sign the key of someone you've just
851 met, also ask them to show you their government identification, and make
852 sure the name on the ID matches the name on the public key. In Enigmail,
853 answer honestly in the window that pops up and asks
"How carefully have you
854 verified that the key you are about to sign actually belongs to the person(s)
857 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Troubleshooting ~~~~~~~~~ -->
858 <div class=
"troubleshooting">
863 <dt>Master the Web of Trust
</dt>
864 <dd>Unfortunately, trust does not spread between users the way
<a
865 href=
"http://fennetic.net/irc/finney.org/~hal/web_of_trust.html">many people
866 think
</a>. One of best ways to strengthen the GnuPG community is to deeply
<a
867 href=
"https://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual/x334.html">understand
</a> the Web of
868 Trust and to carefully sign as many people's keys as circumstances permit.
</dd>
870 <dt>Set ownertrust
</dt>
871 <dd>If you trust someone enough to validate other people's keys, you can assign
872 them an ownertrust level through Enigmails's key management window. Right
873 click on the other person's key, go to the
"Select Owner Trust" menu option,
874 select the trustlevel and click OK. Only do this once you feel you have a
875 deep understanding of the Web of Trust.
</dd>
878 </div><!-- /.troubleshooting -->
879 </div><!-- End .main -->
880 </div><!-- End #check-ids-before-signing .step-->
881 </div></section><!-- End #section4 -->
883 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 5: Use it well ~~~~~~~~~ -->
884 <section id=
"section5" class=
"row"><div>
886 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ section introduction: interspersed text ~~~~~~~~~ -->
887 <div class=
"section-intro">
889 <h2><em>#
5</em> Use it well
</h2>
891 <p>Everyone uses GnuPG a little differently, but it's important to follow
892 some basic practices to keep your email secure. Not following them, you
893 risk the privacy of the people you communicate with, as well as your own,
894 and damage the Web of Trust.
</p>
896 </div><!-- End .section-intro -->
898 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
899 <div id=
"step-5a" class=
"step">
900 <div class=
"sidebar">
903 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-01-use-it-well.png"
904 alt=
"Section 5: Use it Well (1)" /></p>
906 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
909 <h3>When should I encrypt? When should I sign?
</h3>
911 <p>The more you can encrypt your messages, the better. If you only encrypt
912 emails occasionally, each encrypted message could raise a red flag for
913 surveillance systems. If all or most of your email is encrypted, people
914 doing surveillance won't know where to start. That's not to say that only
915 encrypting some of your email isn't helpful -- it's a great start and it
916 makes bulk surveillance more difficult.
</p>
918 <p>Unless you don't want to reveal your own identity (which requires other
919 protective measures), there's no reason not to sign every message, whether or
920 not you are encrypting. In addition to allowing those with GnuPG to verify
921 that the message came from you, signing is a non-intrusive way to remind
922 everyone that you use GnuPG and show support for secure communication. If you
923 often send signed messages to people that aren't familiar with GnuPG, it's
924 nice to also include a link to this guide in your standard email signature
925 (the text kind, not the cryptographic kind).
</p>
927 </div><!-- End .main -->
928 </div><!-- End #step-5a .step -->
930 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
931 <div id=
"step-5b" class=
"step">
932 <div class=
"sidebar">
935 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/en/screenshots/section5-02-use-it-well.png"
936 alt=
"Section 5: Use it Well (2)" /></p>
938 </div><!-- /.sidebar -->
941 <h3>Be wary of invalid keys
</h3>
943 <p>GnuPG makes email safer, but it's still important to watch out for invalid
944 keys, which might have fallen into the wrong hands. Email encrypted with
945 invalid keys might be readable by surveillance programs.
</p>
947 <p>In your email program, go back to the first encrypted email that Edward
948 sent you. Because Edward encrypted it with your public key, it will have a
949 message from Enigmail at the top, which most likely says
"Enigmail: Part of
950 this message encrypted."</p>
952 <p><b>When using GnuPG, make a habit of glancing at that bar. The program
953 will warn you there if you get an email signed with a key that can't
956 </div><!-- End .main -->
957 </div><!-- End #step-5b .step -->
959 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
960 <div id=
"step-5c" class=
"step">
963 <h3>Copy your revocation certificate to somewhere safe
</h3>
965 <p>Remember when you created your keys and saved the revocation certificate
966 that GnuPG made? It's time to copy that certificate onto the safest digital
967 storage that you have -- the ideal thing is a flash drive, disk, or hard
968 drive stored in a safe place in your home, not on a device you carry with
971 <p>If your private key ever gets lost or stolen, you'll need this certificate
972 file to let people know that you are no longer using that keypair.
</p>
974 </div><!-- End .main -->
975 </div><!-- End #step-5c .step -->
977 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
978 <div id=
"step-lost_key" class=
"step">
981 <h3><em>Important:
</em> act swiftly if someone gets your private key
</h3>
983 <p>If you lose your private key or someone else gets ahold
984 of it (say, by stealing or cracking your computer), it's
985 important to revoke it immediately before someone else uses
986 it to read your encrypted email or forge your signature. This
987 guide doesn't cover how to revoke a key, but you can follow these
<a
988 href=
"https://www.hackdiary.com/2004/01/18/revoking-a-gpg-key/">instructions
</a>.
989 After you're done revoking, make a new key and send an email to everyone
990 with whom you usually use your key to make sure they know, including a copy
993 </div><!-- End .main -->
994 </div><!-- End #step-lost_key .step-->
996 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
997 <!---<div id="transfer-key" class="step">
1000 <h3>Transferring you key</h3>
1002 <p>You can use Enigmail's <a
1003 href="https://www.enigmail.net/documentation/keyman.php">key management
1004 window</a> to import and export keys. If you want to be able to read
1005 your encrypted email on a different computer, you will need to export
1006 your secret key from here. Be warned, if you transfer the key without <a
1007 href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/EncryptedFilesystemsOnRemovableStorage">encrypting</a>
1008 the drive it's on the transfer will be dramatically less secure.</p>
1010 </div>--><!-- End .main
1011 </div> End #transfer-key .step-->
1013 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1014 <div id=
"webmail-and-GnuPG" class=
"step">
1017 <h3>Webmail and GnuPG
</h3>
1019 <p>When you use a web browser to access your email, you're using webmail,
1020 an email program stored on a distant website. Unlike webmail, your desktop
1021 email program runs on your own computer. Although webmail can't decrypt
1022 encrypted email, it will still display it in its encrypted form. If you
1023 primarily use webmail, you'll know to open your email client when you receive
1024 a scrambled email.
</p>
1026 </div><!-- End .main -->
1027 </div><!-- End #webmail-and-GnuPG .step-->
1029 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ a div for each step ~~~~~~~~~
1030 <div id="step-5d" class="step">
1033 <h3>Make your public key part of your online identity</h3>
1035 <p> First add your public key fingerprint to your email signature, then
1036 compose an email to at least five of your friends, telling them you just
1037 set up GnuPG and mentioning your public key fingerprint. Link to this guide
1038 and ask them to join you. Don't forget that there's also an awesome <a
1039 href="infographic.html">infographic to share.</a></p>
1041 <p class="notes">Start writing your public key fingerprint anywhere someone
1042 would see your email address: your social media profiles, blog, Website,
1043 or business card. (At the Free Software Foundation, we put ours on our
1044 <a href="https://fsf.org/about/staff">staff page</a>.) We need to get our
1045 culture to the point that we feel like something is missing when we see an
1046 email address without a public key fingerprint.</p>
1048 </div>--><!-- End .main
1049 </div> End #step-5d .step-->
1050 </div></section><!-- End #section5 -->
1052 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Section 6: Next steps ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1053 <section class=
"row" id=
"section6">
1054 <div id=
"step-click_here" class=
"step">
1057 <h2><a href=
"next_steps.html">Great job! Check out the next steps.
</a></h2>
1059 </div><!-- End .main -->
1060 </div><!-- End #step-click_here .step-->
1061 </section><!-- End #section6 -->
1063 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ FAQ ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1064 <!-- When un-commenting this section go to main.css and search
1065 for /* Guide Sections Background */ then add #faq to the desired color
1066 <section class="row" id="faq"><div>
1067 <div class="sidebar">
1075 <dt>My key expired</dt>
1076 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1078 <dt>Who can read encrypted messages? Who can read signed ones?</dt>
1079 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1081 <dt>My email program is opening at times I don't want it to open/is now my
1082 default program and I don't want it to be.</dt>
1083 <dd>Answer coming soon.</dd>
1088 </section> --><!-- End #faq -->
1090 <!-- ~~~~~~~~~ Footer ~~~~~~~~~ -->
1091 <footer class=
"row" id=
"footer"><div>
1092 <div id=
"copyright">
1094 <h4><a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys"><img
1095 alt=
"Free Software Foundation"
1096 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/fsf-logo.png" /></a></h4>
1098 <p>Copyright
© 2014-
2016 <a
1099 href=
"https://u.fsf.org/ys">Free Software Foundation
</a>, Inc.
<a
1100 href=
"https://my.fsf.org/donate/privacypolicy.html">Privacy Policy
</a>. Please
1101 support our work by
<a href=
"https://u.fsf.org/yr">joining us as an associate
1104 <p>The images on this page are under a
<a
1105 href=
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
1106 Attribution
4.0 license (or later version)
</a>, and the rest of it is under
1107 a
<a href=
"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">Creative Commons
1108 Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 license (or later version)
</a>. Download the
<a
1109 href=
"http://agpl.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/edward/CURRENT/edward.tar.gz">source
1110 code of Edward reply bot
</a> by Andrew Engelbrecht
1111 <sudoman@ninthfloor.org
> and Josh Drake
<zamnedix@gnu.org
>,
1112 available under the GNU Affero General Public License.
<a
1113 href=
"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#OtherLicenses">Why these
1116 <p>Fonts used in the guide
& infographic:
<a
1117 href=
"https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Dosis">Dosis
</a> by Pablo
1118 Impallari,
<a href=
"http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Signika">Signika
</a>
1119 by Anna Giedry
ś,
<a
1120 href=
"http://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Archivo+Narrow">Archivo
1121 Narrow
</a> by Omnibus-Type,
<a
1122 href=
"https://libreplanet.org/wiki/GPG_guide/Graphics_Howto#Pitfalls">PXL-
2000</a>
1123 by Florian Cramer.
</p>
1125 <p>Download the
<a href=
"emailselfdefense_source.zip">source package
</a>
1126 for this guide, including fonts, image source files and the text of Edward's
1129 <p>This site uses the Weblabels standard for labeling
<a
1130 href=
"https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/freejs">free JavaScript
</a>. View
1131 the JavaScript
<a href=
"//weblabels.fsf.org/emailselfdefense.fsf.org/"
1132 rel=
"jslicense">source code and license information
</a>.
</p>
1134 </div><!-- /#copyright -->
1136 <p class=
"credits">Infographic and guide design by
<a rel=
"external"
1137 href=
"http://jplusplus.org"><strong>Journalism++
</strong><img
1138 src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/img/jplusplus.png"
1139 alt=
"Journalism++" /></a></p><!-- /.credits -->
1140 </div></footer><!-- End #footer -->
1142 <script src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/js/jquery-1.11.0.min.js"></script>
1143 <script src=
"//static.fsf.org/nosvn/enc-dev0/js/scripts.js"></script>
1146 <script type=
"text/javascript" >
1147 // @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:
1f739d935676111cfff4b4693e3816e664797050&dn=gpl-
3.0.txt GPL-v3-or-Later
1148 var pkBaseURL = ((
"https:" == document.location.protocol) ?
"https://piwik.fsf.org/" :
"http://piwik.fsf.org/");
1149 document.write(unescape(
"%3Cscript src='" + pkBaseURL +
"piwik.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
1151 var piwikTracker = Piwik.getTracker(pkBaseURL +
"piwik.php",
13);
1152 piwikTracker.trackPageView();
1153 piwikTracker.enableLinkTracking();
1156 </script><noscript><p><img src=
"//piwik.fsf.org/piwik.php?idsite=13" style=
"border:0" alt=
"" /></p></noscript>
1157 <!-- End Piwik Tracking Code -->